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Roman Catholic earls in the far north rebel against England's Queen Elizabeth in January and sack Durham Cathedral, but Walter Devereux, 27, Viscount Hereford, takes command as "high marshal in the field." Lands belonging to Ireland's O'Neill family are declared forfeit, as are those even of loyal Irish lords (see 1562). Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd earl of Sussex, is appointed lord lieutenant of the north of England, and with Hereford's help the rebellion is easily suppressed. John Leslie is implicated in the revolt, and although he wins acquittal he enters into a conspiracy for a more ambitious rebellion (see 1568; 1571).
The Battle of Jarnac March 13 gives Catholic forces under the duc d'Anjou victory over Huguenot forces (see 1568). The Huguenot leader Louis de Bourbon, 1st Prince de Condé, is murdered March 13 at age 38 while crossing the river Charente, leaving his 16-year-old son Henri and Henri's cousin Henri de Navarre as titular heads of the Huguenots. Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, now 50, becomes sole leader of Huguenot military forces but has no taste for war and suffers a defeat in October at the Battle of Moncontour (see 1570).
Swedish forces under the command of the dukes Carl and Pontus de la Gardie invade Denmark from the north, ravaging Scania, putting the entire county of Villand to the torch and murdering all who show resistance (see 1568; Peace of Stettin, 1570).
The Union of Lublin July 1 merges Lithuania with Poland over the objections of Lithuania, strengthening resistance to attacks from Muscovy and the Crimean Tatars.
Ottoman forces drag ships overland from the Don to the Volga but fail in an attack on Astrakhan, sustain heavy losses from the Muscovite defenders, and retreat.
The Siamese capital of Ayutthaya falls to Burmese forces in August after months of combat (see 1568). Burma's king Braginoco (Bayinnaung) installs a new vassal on the Siamese throne, and Siam will remain under Burmese suzerainty for more than 15 years.
Burma's conquering forces take thousands of Siamese as slaves and bring them back in chains.
Conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, now 73, sets out with an expedition of 500 men in New Granada to search for the fabled Eldorado and its gold. When he returns empty handed in 1571 only 25 of his original company will be with him.
Madrid sends Francisco (Alvarez) de Toledo y Feigueroa, 53, to Peru as its fifth viceroy. In the next 14 years he will use a system of Spanish officials ruling through Native Americans to establish a harshly authoritative but highly effective system of government that will continue for nearly 200 years.
The Mercator projection map of the world published by Flemish instrument-maker Gerhardus Mercator (Gerhard Kremer), 57, represents the meridians of longitude by equally spaced parallel lines and gradually spaces out latitude lines toward the polar regions to exaggerate degrees of latitude in exactly the same proportion as degrees of longitude. Mercator has studied under the late Gemma Frisius (see 1530; 1533), his map enormously simplifies the job of charting a course (the course of a ship on a constant compass bearing always appears as a straight line), and the map will contribute to the accuracy of navigation charts everywhere.
Plague and hunger kill 500 people per day at Lisbon through much of the summer.
On the Reign of Christ (De regno Christi . . .) by Ferenc Dávid elaborates on the Unitarian views expressed by the Transylvanian preacher 2 years ago.
Bible translator Miles Coverdale dies at London January 20 at age 80 (approximate), having twice served as bishop of Exeter.
Painting: Ecce homo, the Virgin, and St. John (triptych) by Luis de Morales; The Storm at Sea by Pieter Brueghel, who dies at Brussels September 5 at age 44.
The Villa d'Este is completed at Tivoli, outside Rome, by Naples-born architect-painter-landscape gardener Pirro Ligorio, 59, who has devoted 19 years to the project for his patron Ippolito Cardinal d'Este. Terraced and spectacular gardens lead up to the huge house.
London bans the sale of fresh fruit in the streets lest it spread disease. Fruit pies and tarts, especially apple tarts, are English favorites, but uncooked fruit is regarded with suspicion.
Natives and colonists in Brazil enjoy a diet based largely on feijoada completa, a kind of cassoulet or baked bean stew (see 1822).
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