1660s

1660s: events by year

Contents: 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669

1660

January–June

• January 1
  • Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins his advance towards London in support of the English Restoration.^[1]
  • Samuel Pepys begins his diary.^[2]
• February 3 – George Monck and his regiment arrive in London.^[3]
• February 13 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden upon the death of his father, Charles X Gustavus.
• February 27 – John Thurloe is reinstated as England's Secretary of State, having been deprived of his offices late in the previous year.
• March 16 – The Long Parliament disbands.
• April 4 – The Declaration of Breda promises amnesty, freedom of conscience, and army back pay, in return for support for the English Restoration.^[3]
• May 8 – The Parliament of England declares Prince Charles Stuart King Charles II of England.
• May 15 – John Thurloe is arrested for high treason for his support of Oliver Cromwell's regime.
• May 25 – Charles II of England lands at Dover.^[4]
• May 27 – The Treaty of Copenhagen is signed, marking the conclusion of the Second Northern War. Sweden returns Trøndelag to Norway and Bornholm to Denmark.
• May 29 – King Charles II of England arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration.^[3]
• June 29 – John Thurloe is released from custody.

July–December

• August 19 – Dr Edward Stanley preaches a sermon in the nave of Winchester Cathedral to commemorate the return of the Chapter following the English Restoration.
• September 25 – Samuel Pepys has his first cup of tea (an event recorded in his diary).^[2]
• October 17 – The ten regicides who signed the death warrant of Charles I of England are hanged, drawn and quartered, a process which includes their being disemboweled and their bowels burned before their eyes.
• November 28 – At Gresham College in London, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the Royal Society).
• December – Andres Malong, a native chieftain of Pangasinan, Philippines, leads a revolt against the Spanish regime.
• December 8 – First actress to appear on the professional stage in England, as Desdemona in Othello, following reopening of the theatres; variously considered to be Margaret Hughes, Anne Marshall or Katherine Corey.^[5][6][7]

Date unknown

• Blaise Pascal's Lettres provinciales, a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, is ordered to be shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.
• The expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique is carried out by French occupying forces.
• Hopkins School is founded.
• The Rigsraad (High Council) of Denmark is abolished^[8] and Denmark–Norway becomes an absolute monarchy with the Kingdom of Denmark as a hereditary monarchy.
• A permanent standing army is established in Prussia.

1661

January–June

• January 6 – The Fifth Monarchists unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London. George Monck's regiment defeats them.
• January 30 – The body of Oliver Cromwell is exhumed and subjected to a posthumous execution, along with those of John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton.
• February 5 – The Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China dies and is succeeded by his son the Kangxi Emperor.
• February 14 – George Monck’s regiment becomes The Lord General's Regiment of Foot Guards (which later becomes Coldstream Guards)
• March – Following the death of his mentor, Cardinal Mazarin, King Louis XIV of France starts to rule independently.
• April 23 – King Charles II of England, Scotland, Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey, for the second time.

July–December

• July 1 – Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) – Treaty of Cardis: Russia surrenders to Sweden all captured territories.
• August 6 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague, whereby New Holland is formally ceded to Portugal by the Dutch Republic.

Date unknown

• The first modern bank notes are issued in Stockholm, Sweden.
• Köprülü Mehmed Pasha ends his rule as vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
• The Great Clearance was spread to Guangdong.

1662

January–June

• January 23 – Battle of Nagyszőllős: János Kemény of Transylvania is killed.
• February 1 – The Chinese general Koxinga seizes the Dutch Fort Zealandia on the island of Taiwan after a 9-month siege, then establishes the Kingdom of Tungning. In response, the Kangxi Emperor of the mainland Qing Dynasty migrates all residents along the southern coast by 50 miles.
• March 18 – A short-lived experiment of the first public buses (holding 8 passengers) begins in Paris.
• May 9 – Samuel Pepys witnesses a Punch and Judy show in London (the first on record).
• May 16 – The Hearth Tax is introduced in England, Wales and Scotland.
• May 30 – Catherine of Braganza marries Charles II of England; as part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay and Tangier to England.

July–December

• July 15 – The Royal Society receives an official charter.
• October 27 – Charles II of England sells Dunkirk to France for £40,000 (or 2.5 million livres).
• November 28 – The Royal Society holds its first meeting.
• December 20 – Nicolas Fouquet is sentenced to banishment.
• December 26 – Molière's play The School for Wives premieres.

Date unknown

• The Act of Uniformity 1662 in England and Wales makes mandatory the use of the Book of Common Prayer.
• Robert Boyle publishes Nova experimenta physico-mechanica, setting forth the law bearing his name.
• Milton, Massachusetts is incorporated as a town.
• John Graunt, in one of the earliest uses of statistics, publishes statistical information about births and deaths in London.
• The Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnbergde:Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnberg is founded in Germany.

1663

January–June

• January 10 – The Royal African Company is granted a Royal Charter by Charles II of England.^[9]
• March 5 – Emperor Go-Sai's reign ends and Emperor Reigen ascends to the throne of Japan.
• March 24 – King Charles II of England issues the Charter of Carolina, establishing the Province of Carolina and dividing it between eight Lords Proprietors.^[9]
• April 17 – The Turks declare war against Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.
• May 7 – Opening of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in London.^[9]
• June 8 – Battle of Ameixial: The Portuguese and some English auxiliaries defeat the Spanish.

July–December

• July 8 – King Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal Charter to the American Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.^[9]
• July 27 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act, requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.
• August 21 – Concerned about the wintry weather, the Parliament of England holds an intercessary fast.^[10]
• August 28 – Severe frost in England.

Date unknown

• The Prix de Rome Scholarship is established for students of the arts.
• The first Maroon community arises in Suriname.
• Robert Hooke discovers that cork is made of "tiny little rooms" which he first calls "Cells".^[11]

1664

January–June

• January 5 – Battle of Surat: The Maratha Chhatrapati Shivaji is defeated by the Inayat Khan of Mughal.
• March 12 – New Jersey becomes a colony of England.
• May 4 – Kronenbourg, a popular lager, is first produced.

July–December

• August 1 – Battle of Saint Gotthard: The Ottoman Empire is defeated by an Austrian army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in the Peace of Vasvár.
• September 24 – Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls.
• October 28 – The Admiral's Regiment is formed in England, later known as the Royal Marines.

Date unknown

• The Marathas sack Surat.
• The French East India Company is founded.
• Robert Hooke discovers Jupiter's Great Red Spot.^[12]
• John Evelyn's Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber is published in London in book form.

1665

January–June

• January 10 – The Journal des sçavans begins publication in France, the first scientific journal.
• March 4 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.
• April 10 – The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society begins publication, the first scientific journal in English.
• March 16 – Bucharest allows Jews to settle in the city in exchange for an annual tax of 16 guilders.
• April 12 – Margaret Porteous is the first person recorded to die in the Great Plague of London. This last major outbreak of Bubonic plague in the British Isles was possibly introduced by Dutch prisoners of war. Two-thirds of Londoners leave the city, but over 68,000 die. Plague spreads to Derby.
• June 12 – England installs a municipal government in New York City (the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam).
• June 13 (June 3 O.S.) – Second Anglo-Dutch War: English naval victory at the Battle of Lowestoft under James Stuart, Duke of York.
• June 30 – King Charles II of England issues a second charter for the Province of Carolina, which clarifies and expands the borders of the Lords Proprietors' tracts.

July–December

• July 3 – The first documented case of cyclopia is found in a hearse.
• July 7 – King Charles II of England leaves London with his entourage, fleeing the Great Plague. He moves his court to Salisbury, then Exeter.
• August 2 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Dutch naval victory at the Battle of Vågen.
• September – Robert Hooke's Micrographia published in London, first applying the term 'cell' to plant tissue, which he discovered first in cork, then in living organisms, using a microscope.
• September 17 – Charles II of Spain becomes King while not yet four years old.
• October 5 – The University of Kiel is founded.
• October 29 – Battle of Mbwila: Portuguese forces defeat and kill King António I of Kongo.
• November 7 – The London Gazette, the oldest surviving journal, is first published.

Date unknown

• Colonisation of Réunion begins with the French East India Company sending twenty settlers.
• The Great fire of Newport, Shropshire England.
• Molière publishes L'Amour médecin.
• John Bunyan publishes The Resurrection.
• Joan Blaeu completes publication of his Atlas Maior (Theatrum Orbis Terrarum) in Amsterdam.
• Ye Bare & Ye Cubbe, the first play in English in the American colonies, is performed in Pungoteague, Virginia.
• The English poet John Milton popularizes the Chinese sailing carriage in a famous poem; this peculiar Chinese invention was first written of in the West by Abraham Ortelius in his atlas of 1584.

1666

January–June

• January 17 – Chair of St. Peter (Cathedra Petri) set above the Altar in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.[1]
• June 11–June 14 – Second Anglo-Dutch War – Four Days Battle: The Dutch fleet defeats England.

July–December

• July – The city of Piteå in Sweden is completely burned by a large fire
• July 25 (julian calendar)/August 4 (gregorian calendar) – Second Anglo-Dutch War: English fleet defeats the Dutch under Michiel de Ruyter at St. James's Day Battle.
• August 9 – Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships in the Vlie estuary, and pillaging the town of West-Terschelling, an act later referred to as Holmes's Bonfire.
• September 2 – Great Fire of London: A large fire breaks out in London in the house of Charles II's baker on Pudding Lane near London Bridge. The fire burns for 3 days, destroying 10,000 buildings including St. Paul's Cathedral, but only 6 people are known to have died.
• September 5 – The Great Fire of London ends.
• September 6 – Cestui que Vie Act 1666 passed in Parliament
• September 16 – Apostasy of Sabbatai Zevi
• December 22 – The Académie des sciences (French Academy of Sciences) is founded by Louis XIV.

Date unknown

• Expulsion of the Portuguese from the Bengal port city of Chittagong by Mughal forces of Emperor Aurangzeb under General Bujurg Umed Khan and renaming the city as Islamabad.
• Sir Isaac Newton uses a prism to split sunlight into its component colors, which helps us understand the nature of light more comprehensively (see optical spectrum). He made a huge number of discoveries and inventions during this year, leading it to be referred to as his Annus Mirabilis.
• Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer paints The Art of Painting, his largest and most complex work.
• Lund University is founded in Lund, Sweden.
• Moulay al-Rashid conquers Fes, marking the beginning of Morocco's still-reigning Alaouite Dynasty.
• Jean Talon completes a census of New France, the first census in North America.
• The Russian Orthodox Church holds a sobor (church council) which deposes Patriarch Nikon, but accepts his liturgical reforms. Dissenters from his reforms, known as Old Believers, continue to this day.
• The year is also known for having all the Roman numerals, used only once, in order from biggest to smallest value (MDCLXVI = 1666).

1667

January–June

• January 20 – Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): Poland cedes Kiev, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo, which puts a final end to Poland's status as a Central European power.
• February – The first theatre in Scandinavia, opens in Lejonkulan and Bollhuset in Stockholm, Sweden.
• March 27 – In North America (Canada), explorer René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle is released from the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).
• April 6 – 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake: Earthquake in Republic of Ragusa which kills one fifth of the population.
• April 27 – The blind, impoverished John Milton sells the copyright of Paradise Lost for £10.
• May 24 – The War of Devolution begins; France invades Flanders and Franche-Comté.
• June 12–June 17 – Raid on the Medway: A Dutch fleet under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter burns Sheerness, sails up the River Medway, raids Chatham dockyards and tows away the royal flagship The Royal Charles.
• June 15 – The first human blood transfusion is administered by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys. He transfuses the blood of a sheep to a 15-year old boy (though this operation is a success, a later patient dies from the procedure and Denys is accused of murder).
• June 20
  • Dutch troops attack Royal Navy ships in London and Chatham and burn them.
  • Pope Clement IX succeeds Pope Alexander VII, becoming the 238th pope.
• June 26 – Louis XIV of France conquers Tournai.

July–December

• July 31 – Second Anglo-Dutch War – The Treaty of Breda ends the war, and recognizes Acadia as a French possession.
• September 6 – In 1667, the "Dreadful Hurricane of 1667" ravaged southeast Virginia. The storm brought 12 days of rain, blew down plantation homes, and stripped fields of crops.
• October 18
  • Brooklyn is chartered under the name Brueckelen by Mathias Nicolls, Governor of New Netherlands.
  • Yohannes I becomes king of Ethiopia following the death of his father Negus Fasilides.
• November 25 – A devastating earthquake rocks Caucasia, killing 80,000 people.

Date unknown

• The Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb buys off the warrior Shivaji by making him a Rajah and allowing him to collect taxes.
• Robert Hooke demonstrates that the alteration of the blood in the lungs is essential for respiration.
• Louis XIV of France abolishes the Livre Parisis (Paris Pound) in favor of the much more widely used Livre Tournois (Tours Pound). He also designates Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie as the first chief of "police" of Paris.
• The French army uses grenadiers.
• The first military campaign of Stenka Razin is conducted in Russia.
• Isaac Newton has investigated and written his works in subjects of optics, acoustics, the infinitesimal calculus, mechanism and thermodynamics. The researches themselves have been published only years later.

1668

January–June

• January – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed between England, Sweden and the United Provinces.
• February 13 – In Lisbon, a peace treaty is established between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England, where the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.
• May 2 – The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.

July–December

• Mid-July – Henry Morgan sacks Portobello and Panama City; the lack of booty from the latter attack leads to the city being burned.

Date unknown

• Bishop Isaac Barrow founds the Bishop Barrow Trust to establish a university on the Isle of Man (King William's College).
• Molière's comedy, L'Avare, is first performed.
• The British East India Company takes over Bombay.
• The first National Bank in Europe (the Riksbank) is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.
• Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics in Ethiopia.
• Isaac Newton builds the first Reflecting telescope^[13]

1669

January–June

• March 11 – Mount Etna erupts, destroying the town of Nicolosi and killing 20,000 people.
• May 31 – Samuel Pepys stops writing his diary.
• June 22 – Roux de Marsilly, accused of plotting the assassination of King Louis XIV of France, is publicly tortured in Paris.
• June 25 – Francis of Vendome, Duke of Beaufort, disappears during a battle in the Siege of Candia in Crete.

July–December

• July – The Hanseatic League, after 400 years of operation, holds its last official meeting in Lübeck.
• September 6 – Francesco Morosini, capitano generale of the Venetian forces in the Siege of Candia, surrenders to the Ottomans.
• September 23 – Leopold I Habsburg grants the status and privileges of a university to the Jesuit Academy in Zagreb, the precursor to the modern University of Zagreb.

Date unknown

• Shakushain's Revolt breaks out in Hokkaido, Japan
• Okaya & Co., Ltd., is founded in Nagoya, Japan.
• The Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb destroys several Hindu temples and bans the whole religion, so Hindus rebel.
• Antonio Stradivari makes his first violin.
• Famine in Bengal kills 3 million people.
• Phosphorus is discovered by Hennig Brand.
• The Chinese herbal medicine company Tongrentang, or 同仁堂 in Chinese, is established.
• Turkish units burn the eastern part of Kolárovo.
• Chinese Kangxi Emperor allows coastal residents deported in 1662 to return home.
• Jan Swammerdam publishes his Algemeene Verhandeling van de bloedeloose dierkens, a groundbreaking work in microscopy as well as entomology

Significant people

Births

• November 30,1667(in Dublin,Ireland)-Johnathon Swift-Praised satyrist who lived in Ireland most of his life.He was most famous for writing Gullivers Travels in 1726.He also wrote A Tale of a Tub from 1694-1697.It was finally published in 1704.He died in 1745.

Deaths

References