1677
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Contents: political eventshuman rights, social justice commerce science medicine religion literature art theater, film music environment agriculture population |
Juan José de Austria drives Spain's queen regent Maria from court early in the year along with her favorite Fernande Valenzuela (see 1669). Now 47, Don Juan makes himself chief minister, but his arrogance, paranoia, and indulgence in intrigue at the expense of the common weal makes him thoroughly unpopular. Spain's territorial empire covers much of the known world, but her soil is barely cultivated, her food costly, and her population dwindling. Spain has become a third-rate power (see 1613).
France's duc d'Orléans defeats the Dutch at Cassel.
A Dutch-Danish fleet under the command of Niels Juel defeats a Swedish fleet at the Bay of Koge in the ongoing Scanian War (see 1676).
The Dutch stadholder Willem of Orange turns 27 November 4 and is married that day at London to the duke of York's 15-year-old daughter Mary, a niece of England's Charles II. Charles's chief minister Thomas Osborne, 45, earl of Danby, has engineered the marriage to effect an alliance with France's chief opponent on the Continent, but Danby acts on the king's orders to obtain a secret yearly subsidy from Louis XIV (see 1678).
French forces in Africa take Dutch ports on the Senegal River and capture Gorée near Cape Verde October 30. Gorée will be a major port for the slave trade (see 1698).
England and France sign a maritime agreement permitting English ships to carry Dutch cargoes without fear of French interference.
Culpeper's Rebellion in the 14-year-old Carolina colony protests enforcement of English trade laws by the colony's proprietors. Rebellious colonists install surveyor John Culpeper as governor, but the proprietors will remove him in 1679.
Mathematician, classical scholar, and theologian Isaac Barrow dies at his native London May 4 at age 46, having developed a way of determining tangents that anticipated the methods of calculus, which he taught to his pupil Isaac Newton.
Physician Richard Lower, now 46, introduces direct blood transfusion from one animal into the veins of another (see 1667). He has injected dark venous blood into the lungs and deduced that air turns blood red (see 1818).
The London Pharmacopeia of 1618 appears in a third edition that includes steel tonics, digitalis, benzoin, jalap, ipecacuanha, cinchona bark (see Barba, 1642), and Irish whisky (acqua vitae Hibernoroium sive usquebaugh).
The Ukrainian Catholic metropolitanate of Lvov gives up its opposition to the 1596 Union of Brest-Litovsk and joins the union (see Przemyshl, 1692).
Philosopher Baruch de Spinoza dies at The Hague February 21 at age 43, leaving his Tractatus Politicus incomplete; political philosopher James Harrington dies at London September 11 at age 66 (imprisoned in the early 1660s on a dubious charge of plotting against the restored monarchy of Charles II, he suffered permanent impairment of his physical and mental health before being released).
Painting: Musical Party in a Courtyard by Pieter de Hooch.
Theater: Phaedra (Phèdre) by Jean Racine 1/1 at the Hôtel de Bourgogne, Paris; The Rover, or The Banished Cavaliers (parts I and II) by Aphra Behn at Duke's House, Dorset Gardens, London; All for Love, or The World Well Lost by John Dryden in December at London's Drury Lane Theatre.
Italian violinist-composer Arcangelo Corelli, 24, sends his Sonata for Violin and Lute to Count Fabrizio Laderchi of Faenza June 3. Corelli has been second violinist since last year in the orchestra at Rome's chapel of San Luigi dei Francesi and now begins a notable career as composer.
France's Louis XIV sets aside a 20-acre field and commissions Jean de La Quintinie to create an orchard and vegetable garden to feed the court. The garden is to have walls, terraces, and greenhouses with espaliered apple and pear trees, and the greenhouses are expected to provide peas in winter, asparagus and strawberries in March.
French planters establish cacao plantations in Brazil to provide Parisian cocoa grinders with a good supply of the beans for aristocracy's favorite beverage. Portuguese planters in the Amazon basin find labor scarce. There are severe shortages of river transport, and although the Brazilian port of Para will be exporting 1,000 tons of cacao beans by the end of the next century, most of it will still be cacao collected from wild trees (cacao bravo).
Microscopic spermatozoa in human semen are found by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and L. Hamm at Delft (see medicine, 1675).
1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680
Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology:
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In the year 1677
Astronomy
On November 7, Edmond Halley makes the first complete observation of a transit of Mercury. See also 1676 Astronomy.
BiologyIn November Anton van Leeuwenhoek confirms the discovery of sperm by Louis Dominicus Hamm. Unlike Hamm, who thinks sperm are evidence of disease, Leeuwenhoek concludes that sperm are the sources of reproduction, the larvae of humans (since Leeuwenhoek did not know of the mammalian egg, he did not propose fertilization). See also 1673 Tools; 1680 Biology.
ChemistryJohann Kunckel [b. Hutten (Germany), 1630, d. Dreissighufen (Germany), March 1703] describes an aqueous solution of ammonia. See also 1695 Chemistry.
Earth scienceRobert Plot [b. Borden, Kent, England, December 1640, d. 1696] in The Natural History of Oxfordshire describes, with illustrations, a "real bone now petrified"; he suspects it to be an elephant bone brought to England by the Romans. It is later (1824) shown to be a dinosaur bone from a Megalosaurus, one of the first dinosaur bones known to science. See also 1822 Earth science.
MathematicsLeibniz correctly determines the quotient rule for differentiation.
Nonfiction
- Daniel Gookin: An Historical Account of the Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians in New England in the Years 1675, 1676, 1677. In marked contrast to the histories of King Philip's War written by William Hubbard and Increase Mather, Gookin reveals the injustices, imprisonment, and murder of the "Praying Indians" (Indians who had converted to Christianity) during the conflict.
- William Hubbard: Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England. In this popular account of King Philip's War, the historian and clergyman makes it clear who he believes is to blame for the recent conflict, calling the Indians "treacherous villains" and the "dross of mankind."
- Increase Mather: A Relation of the Troubles Which Have Hapned in New-England, By Reason of the Indians there.... Mather's second Indian history is a litany of Indian atrocities and betrayals, typifying the feelings of many colonists during the period.
- Thomas Thacher (1620-1678): A Brief Rule to Guide the Common People of New-England How to Order Themselves and Theirs in the Small Pocks, or Measels. Thacher, not a physician but "a well-wisher to the sick," issues the first medical treatise published in America. Addressing the 1677 epidemic that killed at least seven hundred, Thacher gives advice based on Thomas Sydenham's research in England. The book would become one of the best-known texts in New England, reprinted during subsequent epidemics in 1702 and 1721.
Poetry, Fiction, and Drama
- Urian Oakes: "Elegie Upon the Death of the Reverend Mr. Thomas Shepard." Oakes's single published poem is one of the most praised by an American colonial poet. He interprets Shepard's death at the age of forty-two from smallpox as divine punishment, stating that "Our sins have slain our Shepard! We have bought, / And dearly paid for, our Enormities."
Sermons and Religious Writing
- Sarah Symmes Fiske (1652-1692): A Confession of Faith: or, A Summary of Divinity. Drawn Up By a Young Gentle-Woman, in the Twenty-Fifth Year of Her Age. Fiske's well-written and only known literary work is composed in 1677 but would not be published until 1704. The work is a spiritual biography that emphasizes Puritan theology and argument, an uncommon topic for a woman at the time.
- Samuel Hooker (1635-1697): Righteousness Rained from Heaven. The son of Thomas Hooker delivers this jeremiad to Connecticut voters, decrying the "declension" of the current generation from the founders' piety.
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This article is about the year 1677.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 16th century – 17th century – 18th century |
| Decades: | 1640s 1650s 1660s – 1670s – 1680s 1690s 1700s |
| Years: | 1674 1675 1676 – 1677 – 1678 1679 1680 |
| 1677 by topic: | |
| Arts and Science | |
| Architecture - Art - Literature - Music - Science | |
| Lists of leaders | |
| Colonial governors - State leaders | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births - Deaths | |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories | |
| Establishments - Disestablishments | |
| Works category | |
| Works | |
| Gregorian calendar | 1677 MDCLXXVII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2430 |
| Armenian calendar | 1126 ԹՎ ՌՃԻԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6427 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -167–-166 |
| Bengali calendar | 1084 |
| Berber calendar | 2627 |
| English Regnal year | 28 Cha. 2 – 29 Cha. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2221 |
| Burmese calendar | 1039 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7185–7186 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙辰年十一月廿八日 (4313/4373-11-28) — to —
丁巳年十二月初八日(4314/4374-12-8) |
| Coptic calendar | 1393–1394 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1669–1670 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5437–5438 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1733–1734 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1599–1600 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4778–4779 |
| Holocene calendar | 11677 |
| Iranian calendar | 1055–1056 |
| Islamic calendar | 1087–1088 |
| Japanese calendar | Enpō 5 (延宝5年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 4010 |
| Minguo calendar | 235 before ROC 民前235年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2220 |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1677 |
Year 1677 (MDCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
- January 1 – Jean Racine's tragedy Phèdre is first performed.
- January 21 – first medical publication in America (Pamphlet on smallpox) , Boston
- April 11 – Battle of Cassel: Philippe I, Duke of Orléans defeats William of Orange.
- April 16 – The Statute of Frauds is passed into English law.
- April 6 – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor University of Innsbruck
- May 29 – The Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians.
- May 31 – Danish ships clash with Swedish ships under Niels Juel between Fehmarn and Warnemünde; the Danish defeat the Swedish and capture a number of ships.
- June 25–June 26 – Siege of Malmö.
July–December
- July 14 – Battle of Landskrona: Sweden defeats the Danes.
- October 29 – Michel le Tellier becomes chancellor of France.
- November 4 – The future Mary II of England marries William of Orange.
- November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg.
Date unknown
- Elias Ashmole gifts the collection that begins the Ashmolean Museum to Oxford University.
- Francis Aungier is made the first Earl of Longford.
- The Second London Baptist Confession is written (published in 1689).
- Charles II of England makes Henry Purcell court musician.
- Jules Hardouin-Mansart begins la place Vendôme in Paris (completed in 1698).
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa under the microscope.
- The population of Paris first exceeds 500,000.
- Ice cream becomes popular in Paris.
- The John Roan School is established.
- Gottfried Leibniz gave a complete solution to the tangent problem.[1]
Births
- February 3 – Jan Santini Aichel, Czech architect (d. 1723)
- February 4 – Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (d. 1731)
- February 8 – Jacques Cassini, French astronomer (d. 1756)
- May 4 – Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, youngest daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan, wife of Philippe d'Orléans, le Régent (d.1749)
- August 27 – Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun, Austrian field marshal (d. 1748)
- September 17 – Stephen Hales, English physiologist, chemist, and inventor (d. 1761)
- October 20 – Stanisław Leszczyński (d. 1766)
- date unknown – William Dummer, acting Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (d. 1761)
Deaths
- February 21 – Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (b. 1632)
- March 28 – Václav Hollar, Czech-born actor (b. 1607)
- May 4 – Isaac Barrow, English mathematician (b. 1630)
- May 20 – George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol, English statesman (b. 1612)
- July 30 – Fabian von Fersen, Swedish soldier (b. 1626)
- August – Matthew Locke (composer), English composer (b. 1621)
- September 11 – James Harrington, English political philosopher (b. 1611)
- November 9 – Aernout van der Neer, Dutch painter (b. 1603)
- date unknown – Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1598)
References
- ^ Kreyszig, Erwin. Differential Geometry. ISBN 978-0-486-66721-8.
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Gale World Chronology
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Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology
History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Mentioned in
Peatross
(family name)
Berkeley, Sir William
(English colonial governor of Virginia)
Spinoza, Baruch
(Dutch philosopher and theologian)
Culpeper, Lord Thomas
(English colonial administrator)
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