1966 in spaceflight
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1966 in spaceflight
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1966 saw the peak and the end of the Gemini program. The program proved that docking in space and human EVA's can be done safely. It saw the first launch of the Saturn IB rocket an important step in the Apollo program.
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Contents
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Launches
This is a list of spaceflights launched in 1966.
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
| Launch Date/Time | Rocket | Launch Site |
Launch Contractor | Payload | Operator | Orbit | Mission/ Function |
Re-Entry/ Destruction |
Outcome | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| February 26 16:12 GMT |
Saturn IB (C-1B) | LC-34, Cape Canaveral | NASA | Apollo Spacecraft (AS-201) | NASA | Sub-orbital | Test Apollo Spacecraft and Launch Vehicle | February 26, 1966 | Successful | First flight of Apollo Spacecraft and launch vehicle |
| March 16 15:00 GMT |
Atlas D | LC-14, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | GATV 5003 | NASA | LEO | Gemini docking target. | September 15, 1967 | Successful | Used by Gemini 8 and Gemini 10 |
| March 16 16:41 GMT |
Titan II | LC-19, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | Gemini 8, 2 Astronauts | NASA | LEO | Manned Orbital Flight | March 17, 1966 | Partial Failure | First docking in space. (with GATV). OAMS malfunction caused loss of control. Spacecraft became low on fuel after recovering. Terminated early. |
| May 17 15:12 GMT |
Atlas D | LC-14, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | GATV 5004 | NASA | LEO | Gemini docking target. | May 17, 1966 | Failure | Failed to reach orbit. Intended for use by Gemini 9 |
| June 1 15:00 GMT |
Atlas SLV-3 | LC-14, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | ATDA 02186 | NASA | LEO | Gemini docking target. | June 11, 1966 | Failure | Fairing failed to separate Intended for use by Gemini 9A |
| June 3 16:41 GMT |
Titan II | LC-19, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | Gemini 9A, 2 Astronauts | NASA | LEO | Manned Orbital Flight | June 6, 1966 | Partial Failure | Unable to complete primary objective - Docking with ATDA - due to ATDA payload fairing malfunction |
| July 5 14:53 GMT |
Saturn IB (C-1B) | LC-37B, Cape Canaveral | NASA | (none) | N/A | N/A | Test launch vehicle | N/A | Successful | |
| July 18 20:39 GMT |
Atlas D | LC-14, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | GATV 5005 | NASA | LEO | Gemini docking target. | December 29, 1966 | Successful | Used by Gemini 10 |
| July 18 22:20 GMT |
Titan II | LC-19, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | Gemini 10, 2 Astronauts | NASA | LEO | Manned Orbital Flight | July 21, 1966 | Successful | |
| August 25 17:15 GMT |
Saturn IB (C-1B) | LC-34, Cape Canaveral | NASA | Apollo Spacecraft (AS-202) | NASA | Sub-orbital | Test Apollo Spacecraft and Launch Vehicle | August 25, 1966 18:48 GMT |
Successful | |
| September 12 13:05 GMT |
Atlas D | LC-14, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | GATV 5006 | NASA | LEO | Gemini docking target. | December 30, 1966 | Successful | Used by Gemini 11 |
| September 12 14:42 GMT |
Titan II | LC-19, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | Gemini 11, 2 Astronauts | NASA | LEO | Manned Orbital Flight | September 15, 1966 | Successful | Altitude record for manned Earth-Orbit flight |
| November 11 20:46 GMT |
Atlas D | LC-14, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | GATV 5001A | NASA | LEO | Gemini docking target. | December 23, 1966 | Failure | Failed to ignite. Used by Gemini 12 |
| November 11 20:46 GMT |
Titan II | LC-19, Cape Canaveral | US Air Force | Gemini 12, 2 Astronauts | NASA | LEO | Manned Orbital Flight | 15 November 1966 | Successful | Final Gemini flight |
Deep Space Rendezvous
| Date (UTC) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 February | Luna 9 | Lunar landing | in Oceanus Procellarum |
| 27 February | Venera 2 | Flyby of Venus | Communication lost en route |
| 1 March | Venera 3 | Venus impact | Communication lost en route |
| 3 April | Luna 10 | Selenocentric orbit insertion | |
| 2 June | Surveyor 1 | Lunar landing | in Oceanus Procellarum |
| 14 August | Lunar Orbiter 1 | Selenocentric orbit insertion | Returned 211 images |
| 27 August | Luna 11 | Selenocentric orbit insertion | |
| 23 September | Surveyor 2 | Lunar impact | Failed lander, impacted Sinus Medii |
| 25 October | Luna 12 | Selenocentric orbit insertion | |
| 29 October | Lunar Orbiter 1 | Lunar impact | |
| 10 November | Lunar Orbiter 2 | Selenocentric orbit injection | Returned 184 images |
| 24 December | Luna 13 | Lunar landing | in Oceanus Procellarum |
EVAs
| Start Date/Time | Duration | End Time | Spacecraft | Crew | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 June 15:02 |
2 hours 7 minutes |
17:09 | Gemini IX-A |  Eugene Cernan |
A complex EVA was planned.[1] Cernan expended four to five times the expected effort, raising his pulse as high as 180 beats per minute. Excess heat and respiration completely fogged visor, causing the EVA to be cut short. Cernan also had difficulty returning to spacecraft and closing the hatch.[2] |
| 19 July 21:44 |
49 Minutes | 22:33 | Gemini X | Michael Collins |
Collins performed a stand-up EVA. Instead of climbing completely out of the spacecraft, Collins extended his torso outside the spacecraft to take photos before and after capsule sunrise. Color photography after sunrise was only partly completed due to severe eye irritation of both Collins and Command Pilot Young. Handling the camera proved difficult due to stiffness of spacesuit gloves.[3] |
| 20 July 23:01 |
39 minutes | 23:40 | Gemini X | Michael Collins |
Umbilical EVA; with more difficulty than expected, Collins collected the micrometeorite collection package from the outside of Gemini. Then, using the Hand Held Maneuvering Unit, he pushed to the nearby Agena-8 to collect its micrometeorite collection package. Collins then pulled on the umbilical cord to return and re-enter the spacecraft.[4] |
| 13 September 14:44 |
33 minutes | 15:17 | Gemini XI | Richard F. Gordon, Jr. |
Gordon attached a tether between Gemini and Agena 11 for later orbital mechanics testing. While making the attachment, his work load exceeded the spacesuit cooling system, and his vision became obscured by a fogged visor and sweat in his eyes. Planned activities were curtailed by Command Pilot Conrad and Gordon returned to the spacecraft.[5] |
| 14 September 12:49 |
2 hours 8 minutes |
14:57 | Gemini XI | Richard F. Gordon, Jr. |
Gordon performed a stand-up EVA. He extended through the hatch to take astronomical photos. Conrad reported the spacewalk was so relaxing they both fell asleep for a moment after sunrise.[6] |
| 12 November 16:15 |
2 hours 29 minutes |
18:44 | Gemini XII | Buzz Aldrin |
Aldrin performed a stand-up EVA. Aldrin stood, took UV still photos and 16 mm color movie pictures, collected external experimental samples, and conducted a light exercise routine.[7] |
| 13 November 15:34 |
2 hours 6 minutes |
17:40 | Gemini XII | Buzz Aldrin |
First completely successful umbilical EVA, with all objectives achieved. Aldrin was able to control his movements and restrict his work load using techniques developed using underwater zero gravity simulations. He also benefited from experiences of the previous American EVAs and was able to move around the outside of the craft, deploy and recover various experimental packages, install and remove cameras, and practice work techniques using a ratchet-type wrench.[8] |
| 14 November 14:52 |
55 minutes | 15:47 | Gemini XII | Buzz Aldrin |
Aldrin performed a second stand-up EVA. He again extended outside the hatch to take photographs and repeat the light exercise experiment. Exertion levels during exercise were comparable to preflight simulations. Equipment and waste food containers not needed for reentry were jettisoned from the spacecraft.[9] |
References
Footnotes
- ^ Jim Dumoulin (2000-08-25). "NASA Project Gemini IX-A (9)". NASA Historical Archive for Manned Missions. NASA. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-ix-a/gemini-ix-a.html. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Cernan "The Last Man on the Moon", p. 129-144.
- ^ Mathews, Charles W.; Low, George M. (August 1966). "Gemini Program Mission Report: Gemini X" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 7‑5, 7‑31. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750067644_1975067644.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ Mathews Gemini Program Mission Report: Gemini X, p. 7-32
- ^ "Gemini 11". National Space Science Data Center. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2008. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1966-081A. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- ^ Chaikin, Andrew (1998). A Man on the Moon. New York: Penguin Books. p. 243. ISBN 0-670-81446-6.
- ^ Mathews, Charles W.; Low, George M. (January 1967). "Gemini XII Program Mission Report". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 7–27. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790076631_1979076631.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ Mathews, Gemini XII Program Mission Report, p. 7-28, 7-29, 7-43
- ^ Mathews, Gemini XII Program Mission Report, p. 7-30
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