1973 Tour de France
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1973 Tour de France
| Race details | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | 30 June –22 July 1973 | ||
| Stages | 20+Prologue, including six split stages | ||
| Distance | 4,140 km (2,572 mi) | ||
| Winning time | 122h 25' 34" (33.918 km/h or 21.076 mph) | ||
| Palmarès | |||
 |
Winner |  Luis Ocaña (Spain) |
(Bic) |
| Second |  Bernard Thévenet (France) |
(Peugeot–BP) | |
| Third | José-Manuel Fuente (Spain) |
(Kas) | |
|
|
|||
 |
Points |  Herman Van Springel (Belgium) |
(Rokado) |
| Mountains | Pedro Torres (Spain) |
(La Casera – Bahamontes) | |
 |
Combination |  Joop Zoetemelk (Netherlands) |
(Gitane–Frigecreme) |
| Sprints | Marc Demeyer (Belgium) |
(Carpenter–Shimano–Flandria) | |
| Team | Bic | ||
| Team Points | Gan–Mercier | ||
|
← 1972
1974 →
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The 1973 Tour de France was the 60th Tour de France, taking place June 30 to July 22, 1973. It consisted of 20 stages over 4140.4 km, ridden at an average speed of 33.918 km/h.[1] After winning the 1973 Vuelta a España and the 1973 Giro d'Italia, Eddy Merckx did not participate in the Tour to avoid angry French fans.
In 1973, there were two team classifications. The team classification based on the three best times per stage was still in use, and the team points classification, which was calculated by added the three best stage rankings, would be calculated until 1988.
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Contents
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Changes from the 1972 Tour de France
After the 1972 Tour de France, there were rumours that the 1973 Tour de France would become easier, to suit French cyclist Cyrille Guimard better. However, when the 1973 Tour route was announced in December 1972, the organisation had included three more mountains compared to 1972.[2]
Participants
The winner of the previous four editions, Eddy Merckx had changed sponsors to the Italian Molteni. His contract said that he had to start in the 1973 Vuelta a España and the 1973 Giro d'Italia, and Merckx thought it was impossible to start in three grand tours in one year, so he stayed away from the Tour. Ocana, who was in great shape, was now the main favourite, with Fuente, Poulidor and Thevenet as his biggest threats.[3] Ocana was not the clear favorite; he had already crashed out of the Tour three times, and he was seen as fragile.[4] Zoetemelk had changed teams, because he did not have the full support of his team leader.[4]
The Italian teams did not join the 1973 Tour de France, because no top French cyclist joined the 1973 Giro d'Italia. This meant that world champion Marino Basso and former Tour winner Felice Gimondi were absent.[5] The Tour started with the following 12 teams, each with 11 cyclists:[3]
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Race details
Zoetemelk won the opening prologue, one second ahead of Poulidor. In the first part of the next stage, Teirlinck won and took over the lead. Ocana and Herman Van Springel fell down when a dog crossed the road, but both suffered no serious damage.[4] In the second part of that stage, Van Springel bridged the gap to Catieau, who had escaped. Van Springel did all the work to stay away, while Catieau did not help his team captain's rival. They stayed away until the end of the stage, where Catieau won the sprint, and Van Springel became the new race leader.[4]
In the third stage, a group with Guimard and Ocana escaped. Van Springel, Zoetemelk, Fuentes, Thevenet and Poulidor were not in that group, and had to chase them. The group stayed away, Guimard won the sprint and Catieau became the race leader. More important for the final result was that Ocana won more than two minutes on Zoetemelk, and more than seven minutes on Fuente.[4][6]
In stage 7, when the first mountains were climbed, Ocana attacked, and only Zoetemelk could follow. A few kilometers from the summit, Zoetemelk had to let Ocana go, and Ocana finished solo. Ocana became the new race leader, almost three minutes ahead of Zoetemelk.[4]
In the eighth stage, Ocana and Fuente both attacked. Ocana and Fuente did not like each other, and when Fuente stopped working, Ocana was angry, especially when Fuente passed him just before the top of the Izoard to steal the points for the mountain classification. When Fuente had a flat tire, Ocana did not wait for him, and left him behind, beating him by one minute at the finish line. All the others were far behind: Thevenet and Martinez followed after seven minutes, the other pre-race favourites after twenty minutes.[4][7]
In the thirteenth stage, Poulidor crashed, and was taken away with a helicopter.[4]
In the sixteenth stage, the cyclists were slower than expected, and finished one hour after the latest time schedule. The train that they should have taken had already left, and they had to use buses.[4]
In the time trial in stage 17, Fuente lost his second place in the general classification to Thevenet. Fuente tried to take it back in the mountain stage 18, but he failed and even lost some time.[4]
Doping cases
Three cyclists tested positive during the 1973 Tour de France:
- Barry Hoban, after the 9th stage[8]
- Claude Baud, after the 13th stage[9]
- Michel Roques, after the 18th stage[10]
All three received a fine of 1000 Swiss Francs, one month suspension and ten minutes penalty time in the general classification.
Stages
The 1973 Tour de France started on 30 June, and had two rest days, in Divonne-les-Bains and Pyrénées 2000.[11]
| Stage | Date | Route | Terrain | Length | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 30 June | Scheveningen |  Individual time trial |
7.1 km (4.4 mi) | Joop Zoetemelk (NED) |
| 1A | 1 July | Scheveningen – Rotterdam |  Plain stage |
84 km (52 mi) | Willy Teirlinck (BEL) |
| 1B | Rotterdam – Sint-Niklaas | Plain stage |
137.5 km (85.4 mi) | José Catieau (FRA) |
|
| 2A | 2 July | Sint-Niklaas | Team time trial |
12.4 km (7.7 mi) | Watney-Maes |
| 2B | Sint-Niklaas – Roubaix | Plain stage |
138 km (86 mi) | Eddy Verstraeten (BEL) |
|
| 3 | 3 July | Roubaix – Reims | Plain stage |
226 km (140 mi) | Cyrille Guimard (FRA) |
| 4 | 4 July | Reims – Nancy | Plain stage |
214 km (133 mi) | Joop Zoetemelk (NED) |
| 5 | 5 July | Nancy – Mulhouse |  Stage with mountain(s) |
188 km (117 mi) | Walter Godefroot (BEL) |
| 6 | 6 July | Mulhouse – Divonne les Bains | Stage with mountain(s) |
244.5 km (151.9 mi) | Jean-Pierre Danguillaume (FRA) |
| 7A | 8 July | Divonne les Bains – Gaillard | Stage with mountain(s) |
86.5 km (53.7 mi) | Luis Ocaña (ESP) |
| 7B | Gaillard – Méribel | Stage with mountain(s) |
150.5 km (93.5 mi) | Bernard Thévenet (FRA) |
|
| 8 | 9 July | Moutiers – Les Orres | Stage with mountain(s) |
237.5 km (147.6 mi) | Luis Ocaña (ESP) |
| 9 | 10 July | Embrun – Nice | Stage with mountain(s) |
234.5 km (145.7 mi) | Vicente Lopez Carril (ESP) |
| 10 | 11 July | Nice – Aubagne | Stage with mountain(s) |
222.5 km (138.3 mi) |  Michael Wright (GBR) |
| 11 | 12 July | Montpellier – Argelès-sur-Mer | Plain stage |
238 km (148 mi) | Barry Hoban (GBR) |
| 12A | 13 July | Perpignan – Thuir | Individual time trial |
28.3 km (17.6 mi) | Luis Ocaña (ESP) |
| 12B | Thuir – Pyrénées 2000 | Stage with mountain(s) |
76 km (47 mi) | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) |
|
| 13 | 15 July | Bourg-Madame – Luchon | Stage with mountain(s) |
235 km (146 mi) | Luis Ocaña (ESP) |
| 14 | 16 July | Luchon – Pau | Stage with mountain(s) |
227.5 km (141.4 mi) | Pedro Torres (ESP) |
| 15 | 17 July | Pau – Fleurance | Plain stage |
137 km (85 mi) | Wilfried David (BEL) |
| 16A | 18 July | Fleurance – Bordeaux | Plain stage |
210 km (130 mi) | Walter Godefroot (BEL) |
| 16B | Bordeaux – Lac | Individual time trial |
12.4 km (7.7 mi) |  Joaquim Agostinho (POR) |
|
| 17 | 19 July | Sainte Foy la Grande – Brive la Gaillarde | Plain stage |
248 km (154 mi) | Claude Tollet (FRA) |
| 18 | 20 July | Brive – Puy de Dome | Stage with mountain(s) |
216.5 km (134.5 mi) | Luis Ocaña (ESP) |
| 19 | 21 July | Bourges – Versailles | Plain stage |
233.5 km (145.1 mi) | Barry Hoban (GBR) |
| 20A | 22 July | Versailles | Individual time trial |
16 km (9.9 mi) | Luis Ocaña (ESP) |
| 20B | Versailles – Paris | Plain stage |
89 km (55 mi) | Bernard Thévenet (FRA) |
Results
There were several classifications in the 1973 Tour de France, three of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[13]
Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[13]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, but was not identified with a jersey in 1973.[13]
Another classification was the combination classification. This classification was calculated as a combination of the other classifications, its leader wore the white jersey.[14]
The fifth individual classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1973, this classification had no associated jersey.[15]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that lead this classification wore yellow caps.[16]
General classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Luis Ocaña (ESP) |
Bic | 122h 25' 34" |
| 2 | Bernard Thévenet (FRA) |
Peugeot | +15' 51" |
| 3 | José-Manuel Fuente (ESP) |
Kas | +17' 15" |
| 4 | Joop Zoetemelk (NED) |
Gitane | +26' 22" |
| 5 | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) |
Sonolor | +30' 20" |
| 6 | Herman Van Springel (BEL) |
Rokado | +32' 01" |
| 7 | Michel Périn (FRA) |
Gan | +33' 02" |
| 8 | Joaquim Agostinho (POR) |
Bic | +35' 51" |
| 9 | Vicente Lopez-Carril (ESP) |
Kas | +36' 18" |
| 10 | Régis Ovion (FRA) |
Peugeot | +36' 59" |
| Final general classification (11–87) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
| 11 | Raymond Delisle (FRA) |
Peugeot | +37' 43" |
| 12 | Mariano Martínez (FRA) |
Gan | +40' 49" |
| 13 | Pedro Torres (ESP) |
La Casera | +47' 30" |
| 14 | José Catieau (FRA) |
Bic | +49' 12" |
| 15 | Antonio Martos (ESP) |
Kas | +49' 20" |
| 16 | Antoon Houbrechts (BEL) |
Rokado | +49' 38" |
| 17 | Lucien Aimar (FRA) |
De Kova | +49' 54" |
| 18 | Fernando Mendes (POR) |
Flandria | +51' 22" |
| 19 |  Leif Mortensen (DEN) |
Bic | +52' 18" |
| 20 | Francisco Galdos (ESP) |
Kas | +53' 05" |
| 21 | Bernard Labourdette (FRA) |
Bic | +1h 04' 49" |
| 22 | Jean-Pierre Danguillaume (FRA) |
Peugeot | +1h 08' 41" |
| 23 | Luis Zubero (ESP) |
Kas | +1h 18' 49" |
| 24 | Ronald Dewitte (BEL) |
Flandria | +1h 19' 18" |
| 25 | Luis Balague (ESP) |
La Casera | +1h 20' 11" |
| 26 | René Grelin (FRA) |
Gan | +1h 20' 33" |
| 27 | Jean-Claude Genty (FRA) |
Bic | +1h 21' 06" |
| 28 | Roland Berland (FRA) |
Bic | +1h 22' 07" |
| 29 | Santiago Lazcano (ESP) |
Kas | +1h 25' 27" |
| 30 | Pierre Martelozzo (FRA) |
Peugeot | +1h 27' 51" |
| 31 | Alain Santy (FRA) |
Bic | +1h 29' 19" |
| 32 |  Johnny Schleck (LUX) |
Bic | +1h 34' 06" |
| 33 | José Martins (POR) |
Canada Dry | +1h 34' 36" |
| 34 | Michel Pollentier (BEL) |
Flandria | +1h 36' 03" |
| 35 | Raymond Martin (FRA) |
Gitane | +1h 36' 10" |
| 36 | Charly Rouxel (FRA) |
Peugeot | +1h 47' 42" |
| 37 |  Jurgen Tschan (FRG) |
Peugeot | +1h 49' 20" |
| 38 | Damaso Torres (ESP) |
La Casera | +1h 49' 23" |
| 39 | Jesus Manzaneque (ESP) |
La Casera | +1h 51' 40" |
| 40 | Antonio Menendez (ESP) |
Kas | +1h 55' 58" |
| 41 | Carlos Melero (ESP) |
Kas | +1h 58' 07" |
| 42 | Ferdinand Julien (FRA) |
Gitane | +2h 01' 12" |
| 43 | Barry Hoban (GBR) |
Gan | +2h 03' 00" |
| 44 | Marcel Boishardy (FRA) |
De Kova | +2h 03' 38" |
| 45 | Herculano Oliveira (POR) |
Canada Dry | +2h 05' 13" |
| 46 | Jean-Pierre Genet (FRA) |
Gan | +2h 07' 14" |
| 47 | José Antonio González (ESP) |
Kas | +2h 08' 07" |
| 48 | Claude Tollet (FRA) |
Sonolor | +2h 09' 04" |
| 49 | Jean-Claude Largeau (FRA) |
Gitane | +2h 09' 22" |
| 50 | José Grande (ESP) |
Kas | +2h 09' 40" |
| 51 | Michel Roques (FRA) |
Sonolor | +2h 10' 41" |
| 52 | Albert Van Vlierberghe (BEL) |
Rokado | +2h 13' 02" |
| 53 | Sylvain Vasseur (FRA) |
Bic | +2h 13' 56" |
| 54 | Jesus Esperanza (ESP) |
La Casera | +2h 14' 49" |
| 55 | Daniel Ducreux (FRA) |
Flandria | +2h 15' 21" |
| 56 | Robert Bouloux (FRA) |
Peugeot | +2h 15' 55" |
| 57 | Michael Wright (GBR) |
Gitane | +2h 23' 21" |
| 58 | Christian Blain (FRA) |
De Kova | +2h 23' 35" |
| 59 | Gerard Vianen (NED) |
Gitane | +2h 24' 21" |
| 60 | Willy Teirlinck (BEL) |
Sonolor | +2h 24' 44" |
| 61 | Gérard Besnard (FRA) |
Sonolor | +2h 28' 25" |
| 62 | Jean-Jacques Sanquer (FRA) |
Flandria | +2h 29' 05" |
| 63 | Alain Nogues (FRA) |
Gitane | +2h 33' 41" |
| 64 | Joaquim Andrade (POR) |
Gitane | +2h 34' 07" |
| 65 | Walter Godefroot (BEL) |
Flandria | +2h 34' 49" |
| 66 | Gustaaf Van Roosbroeck (BEL) |
Rokado | +2h 38' 02" |
| 67 | Charly Grosskost (FRA) |
Gan | +2h 38' 43" |
| 68 | Jacques Esclassan (FRA) |
Peugeot | +2h 42' 03" |
| 69 | André Mollet (FRA) |
Peugeot | +2h 43' 05" |
| 70 | Theo van der Leeuw (NED) |
Canada Dry | +2h 43' 38" |
| 71 | Jacques Botherel (FRA) |
Sonolor | +2h 45' 45" |
| 72 | Marc Demeyer (BEL) |
Flandria | +2h 46' 08" |
| 73 | Francis Campaner (FRA) |
Gitane | +2h 47' 21" |
| 74 | Wilfried David (BEL) |
Flandria | +2h 50' 33" |
| 75 | Jan Krekels (NED) |
Canada Dry | +2h 54' 39" |
| 76 | Jacques Mourioux (FRA) |
Gan | +2h 59' 21" |
| 77 | Guy Santy (FRA) |
Bic | +3h 01' 19" |
| 78 | Raymond Riotte (FRA) |
Sonolor | +3h 04' 24" |
| 79 | Gérard Moneyron (FRA) |
Gan | +3h 05' 20" |
| 80 | Robert Mintkiewicz (FRA) |
Sonolor | +3h 07' 58" |
| 81 | Alf Gaida (FRG) |
Rokado | +3h 32' 23" |
| 82 | Régis Delépine (FRA) |
Gan | +3h 14' 21" |
| 83 | Charles Genthon (FRA) |
De Kova | +3h 42' 20" |
| 84 | Noël Geneste (FRA) |
De Kova | +4h 17' 31" |
| 85 | Jean-Claude Baud (FRA) |
De Kova | +4h 33' 09" |
| 86 | Jean-Claude Blocher (FRA) |
De Kova | +4h 36' 56" |
| 87 | Jacques Hochart (FRA) |
De Kova | +4h 51' 09" |
Points classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Herman Van Springel (BEL) |
Rokado | 187 |
| 2 | Joop Zoetemelk (NED) |
Gitane | 168 |
| 3 | Luis Ocaña (ESP) |
Bic | 145 |
| 4 | Bernard Thévenet (FRA) |
Peugeot | 139 |
| 5 | Walter Godefroot (BEL) |
Flandria | 139 |
| 6 | Barry Hoban (GBR) |
Gan | 110 |
| 7 | Gerard Vianen (NED) |
Gitane | 110 |
| 8 | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) |
Sonolor | 109 |
| 9 | Mariano Martínez (FRA) |
Gan | 89 |
| 10 | Jacques Esclassan (FRA) |
Peugeot | 89 |
Mountains classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Damaso Torres (ESP) |
La Casera | 225 |
| 2 | José-Manuel Fuente (ESP) |
Kas | 216 |
| 3 | Luis Ocaña (ESP) |
Bic | 192 |
| 4 | Bernard Thévenet (FRA) |
Peugeot | 119 |
| 5 | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) |
Sonolor | 107 |
| 6 | Joop Zoetemelk (NED) |
Gitane | 83 |
| 7 | Vicente Lopez-Carril (ESP) |
Kas | 80 |
| 8 | Joaquim Agostinho (POR) |
Bic | 46 |
| 9 | Francisco Galdos (ESP) |
Kas | 46 |
| 10 | Mariano Martínez (FRA) |
Gan | 38 |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bic | 369h 31' 55" |
| 2 | Peugeot | +20' 23" |
| 3 | Kas | +20' 42" |
| 4 | Mercier | +23' 04" |
| 5 | Rokado | +1h 40' 42" |
| 6 | Sonolor | +1h 45' 56" |
| 7 | Gitane | +1h 58' 57" |
| 8 | La Casera | +2h 01' 50" |
| 9 | Flandria | +2h 09' 21" |
| 10 | Lejeune | +3h 09' 21" |
| 11 | Gazelle | +3h 09' 21" |
Combination classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joop Zoetemelk (NED) |
Gitane | 20 |
| 2 | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) |
Sonolor | 26 |
| 3 | Bernard Thévenet (FRA) |
Peugeot | 33 |
| 4 | Herman Van Springel (BEL) |
Rokado | 50 |
| 5 | Fernando Mendes (POR) |
Flandria | 55 |
Intermediate sprints classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Marc Demeyer (BEL) |
Flandria | 105 |
| 2 | Barry Hoban (GBR) |
Gan | 70 |
| 3 | Willy Teirlinck (BEL) |
Sonolor | 60 |
| 4 | Raymond Riotte (FRA) |
Sonolor | 28 |
| 5 | Robert Mintkiewicz (FRA) |
Sonolor | 16 |
Other classifications
The combativity award was given to Luis Ocana.[1]
References
- ^ a b Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique" (in French) (PDF). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/COURSE/docs/histo2009_06.pdf. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ "Tour de France 1973 wordt zwaar karwei" (in Dutch). Leeuwarder Courant (De krant van toen): p. 29. 14 December 1972. http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/vw/article.do?id=LC-19721214-29007&vw=org. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "60ème Tour de France 1973" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1947_1977/tdf1973.php. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour De France: 1965-2007. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 73–81. ISBN 1-59858-608-4. http://books.google.nl/books?id=V8mlwItBhhcC&pg=PA73. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ "Italianen mijden Tour de France" (in Dutch). Nieuwsblad van het Noorden (De krant van toen): p. 21. 4 June 1973. http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/vw/article.do?id=NVHN-19730604-AE0021012&vw=org. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Béoutis, Didier (23 November 2008). "Luis Ocaña sur le pavés de Querenaing - Tour de France 1973" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/dossiers/dos_1973_3.php. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Béoutis, Didier (23 November 2008). "Luis Ocaña écrase le Tour - Tour de France 1973" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/dossiers/dos_1973_8.php. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ "Hoban betrapt" (in Dutch). Nieuwsblad van het noorden (De krant van toen): p. 19. 16 July 1973. http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/vw/article.do?id=NVHN-19730716-AE0013004&vw=org. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ "Tweede dopinggeval in Tour de France" (in Dutch). Leeuwarder courant (De krant van toen): p. 19. 20 July 1973. http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/vw/article.do?id=LC-19730720-19002&vw=org. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ "Dopinggeval" (in Dutch). Leeuwarder courant (De krant van toen): p. 13. 24 July 1973. http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/vw/article.do?id=LC-19730724-13003&vw=org. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique, Part 4" (in French) (PDF). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/COURSE/docs/histo2009_04.pdf. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC Top Ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1973. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ a b c Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ Mark, Eddy van der. "Tour Xtra: Other Classifications & Awards". Chippewa Valley Cycling Club. http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/eddy/xtra_bestanden/other.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ Mark, Eddy van der. "Tour Xtra: Intermediate Sprints Classification". Chippewa Valley Cycling Club. http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/eddy/xtra_bestanden/combativity.htm. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ Chauner, David; Halstead, Michael (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0-679-72936-4. http://www.faqs.org/faqs/bicycles-faq/part1/section-20.html#b. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Clasificaciones oficiales" (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo: p. 19. 23 July 1973. http://hemeroteca.elmundodeportivo.es/preview/1973/07/23/pagina-19/989428/pdf.html. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
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