1976 in science

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The year 1976 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

• June 18 – Gravity Probe A, a satellite-based experiment to test Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, is launched.
• July 20 – Viking program: The Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars.
• July 31 – NASA releases the famous 'Face on Mars' photograph, taken by Viking 1
• August 7 – Viking program: Viking 2 enters into orbit around Mars.
• September 3 – Viking program: The Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars and takes the first close-up color photographs of the planet's surface.
• September 17 – Space Shuttle Enterprise rolled out.

Aviation

• January 21 – Concorde begins commercial flights.
• December 8 – First flight of production General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon.

Chemistry

• Oberlin, Endo and Koyama publish evidence of the creation of carbon nanotubes using a vapor-growth technique.^[1][2]

Computer science

• January – The Cray-1, the first commercially developed supercomputer, is released by Seymour Cray's Cray Research.
• April 1 – Apple Computer Company is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak and the latter begins assembling its first personal computer hobbyists kits for sale later in the year in the U.S.
• November 26 – Little-known company Microsoft is officially registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico.

Cryptography

• An asymmetric-key cryptosystem is published by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman who disclose the Diffie–Hellman key exchange method of public-key agreement for public-key cryptography.

History of science

• Jean Gimpel's The Medieval Machine is published.

Mathematics

• July 11 – Keuffel and Esser manufacture the last slide rule in the United States.^[3]
• Imre Lakatos' Proofs and Refutations: the Logic of Mathematical Discovery is published posthumously.^[4]
• The four color theorem is proved by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, the first major theorem to be proved using a computer.^[4]

Physiology and medicine

• The Ebolavirus first emerges in outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Zaire and Sudan.^[5]
• The term Münchausen syndrome by proxy is first coined by John Money and June Faith Werlwas.^[6][7]

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Burton Richter, Samuel C. C. Ting
  • Chemistry – William N. Lipscomb
  • Medicine – Baruch S. Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek
• Turing Award – Michael O. Rabin, Dana Scott

Births

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Deaths

• January 19 – Hidetsugu Yagi (b. 1886), Japanese electrical engineer
• February 1
  • Werner Heisenberg (b. 1901), German theoretical physicist.
  • George Whipple (b. 1878), American pathologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934.
• April 21 – Carl Benjamin Boyer (b. 1906), American historian of mathematics.
• May 31 – Jacques Monod (b. 1910), French biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965.
• August 18 – Shintaro Uda (b. 1886), Japanese electrical engineer.
• October 5 – Lars Onsager (b. 1903), Norwegian American chemist.
• November 5 – Willi Hennig (b. 1913), German entomologist and pioneer of cladistics.

References