1981 Tour de France
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
Top
1981 Tour de France
| Race details | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | 25 June–19 July 1981 | ||
| Stages | 22+Prologue, including two split stages | ||
| Distance | 3,756.1 km (2,334 mi) | ||
| Winning time | 96h 19' 38" (37.987 km/h or 23.604 mph) | ||
| Palmarès | |||
 |
Winner |  Bernard Hinault (France) |
(Renault) |
| Second |  Lucien Van Impe (Belgium) |
(Boston) | |
| Third | Robert Alban (France) |
(La Redoute) | |
|
|
|||
 |
Points | Freddy Maertens (Belgium) |
(Sunair) |
 |
Mountains | Lucien Van Impe (Belgium) |
(Boston) |
 |
Youth |  Peter Winnen (Netherlands) |
(Capri Sonne) |
| Combination | Bernard Hinault (France) |
(Peugeot) | |
| Sprints | Freddy Maertens (Belgium) |
(Sunair) | |
| Team | Peugeot | ||
| Team Points | Peugeot | ||
|
← 1980
1982 →
|
|||
The 1981 Tour de France was the 68th Tour de France, taking place June 25 to July 19, 1981. The total race distance was 24 stages over 3753 km, with riders averaging 38.96 km/h.[1] It was dominated by Bernard Hinault, who led the race from the sixth stage on, increasing his lead almost every stage, and winning the race with a margin of almost 15 minutes. Only Phil Anderson was able to stay close to him, until the seventeenth stage when he lost 17 minutes. The points classification was won by Freddy Maertens, who did so by winning six stages. The mountains classification was won by Lucien Van Impe, Peter Winnen won the young rider classification, and the Peugeot team won the team classification.
|
Contents
|
Participants
Late 1980, there were plans to make the tour "open", which meant that amateur teams would also be allowed to join. This would make it possible for teams from Eastern Europe to join.[2] The plan did not materialize, so only professional teams were invited. The organisation invited 15 teams, who each selected 10 cyclists, for a total of 150 participants. The teams were:[3]
- Ti Raleigh-Creda
- Peugeot-Esso-Michelin
- Miko-Mercier-Vivagel
- Wickes-Splendor-Europ decor
- Sem-France Loire-Campagnolo
- La Redoute-Motobecane
- Capri Sonne-Koga Miyata
- Puch-Wolber-Campagnolo
- Boston-Mavic
- Teka
- DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or-Gazelle
- Kelme
- Sunair-Sport 80-Colnago
- Renault-Elf-Gitane
- Vermeer-Thijs-Gios
Bernard Hinault, the winner of the 1978 and 1979 Tour de France and reigning world champion, was the main favourite. His knee problems, that caused him to leave the 1980 Tour de France, were solved, and he was in form: Hinault had won important races in the spring, and he had skipped the 1981 Giro d'Italia to focus on the Tour.[4][5] His main rivals were 1980 Tour de France winner Joop Zoetemelk, 1976 Tour de France winner Lucien Van Impe and Joaquim Agostinho, although they had never been able to beat Hinault when he was in form.[4]
Freddy Maertens, the winner of the points classification in the Tour de France in 1976 and 1978, had won only three minor races in 1979 and 1980, but in 1981 he was selected again for the Tour.[5]
Differences from the 1980 Tour de France
The time bonus for stage winners had been absent in the years before, but it returned in 1981.[3]
Race details
Hinault started out strong and won the prologue. Freddy Maertens showed he was still able to win sprints by winning the first part of the first stage. The second part was a team time trial, won by Ti-Raleigh, which put Gerrie Knetemann in the lead of the race. Ti Raleigh also won the second team time trial in stage four.[4] The Pyrenees were only briefly visited, in the fifth stage.[5] For the last mountain, Hinault was the lead group, together with Lucien Van Impe and Phil Anderson. Van Impe escaped in the last kilometers and won the stage, 27 seconds ahead of Hinault. Anderson, who finished in third place, became the new leader, the first Australian cyclist to wear the yellow jersey.[4] Anderson had started as domestique for Jean-René Bernaudeau, and nobody was expeciting him to be able to follow Hinault.[6] In the time trial of stage six, Hinault won as expected, and became the race leader. Anderson surprised with a third place, and he now followed Hinault by 13 seconds in the general classification.
In the following stages, through Northern France and Belgium, Hinault slowly increased his margin to Anderson by winning bonification sprints, until lead by 57 seconds after stage 13. In stage 14, Hinault won the time trial, and added two more minutes to the margin.
In the sixteenth stage in the Alps, Anderson was not able to follow anymore. He lost 4 minutes to Hinault, but stayed in second place. Anderson lost this second place in the 17th stage, where he lost 17 minutes, making Van Impe the new second placed cyclist, nine minutes behind. Hinault showed his dominance by winning the eighteenth stage.
The time trial in stage 20 was also won by Hinault, who increased the margin to Van Impe to more than 14 minutes.[3]
Stages
The 1981 Tour de France started on 25 June, and had two rest days, in Nantes and Morzine.[7]
| Stage | Date | Route | Terrain | Length | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 25 June | Nice |  Individual time trial |
6 km (3.7 mi) | Bernard Hinault (FRA) |
| 1A | 26 June | Nice |  Hilly stage |
97 km (60 mi) | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
| 1B | Nice | Team time trial |
40 km (25 mi) | Raleigh | |
| 2 | 27 June | Nice – Martigues |  Plain stage |
254 km (158 mi) | Johan van der Velde (NED) |
| 3 | 28 June | Martigues – Narbonne | Plain stage |
232 km (144 mi) | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
| 4 | 29 June | Narbonne – Carcassonne | Team time trial |
77 km (48 mi) | Raleigh |
| 5 | 30 June | Saint-Gaudens – Saint-Lary-Soulan |  Stage with mountain(s) |
117 km (73 mi) | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) |
| 6 | 1 July | Nay – Pau | Individual time trial |
27 km (17 mi) | Bernard Hinault (FRA) |
| 7 | 2 July | Pau – Bordeaux | Plain stage |
227 km (141 mi) |  Urs Freuler (SUI) |
| 8 | 3 July | Rochefort – Nantes | Plain stage |
182 km (113 mi) | Ad Wijnands (NED) |
| 9 | 5 July | Nantes – Le Mans | Plain stage |
197 km (122 mi) | René Martens (BEL) |
| 10 | 6 July | Le Mans – Aulnay-sous-Bois | Plain stage |
264 km (164 mi) | Ad Wijnands (NED) |
| 11 | 7 July | Compiègne – Roubaix | Plain stage |
246 km (153 mi) | Daniel Willems (BEL) |
| 12A | 8 July | Roubaix – Brussels | Plain stage |
107 km (66 mi) | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
| 12B | Brussels – Zolder | Plain stage |
138 km (86 mi) | Eddy Planckaert (BEL) |
|
| 13 | 9 July | Beringen – Hasselt | Plain stage |
157 km (98 mi) | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
| 14 | 10 July | Mulhouse | Individual time trial |
38 km (24 mi) | Bernard Hinault (FRA) |
| 15 | 11 July | Besançon – Thonon-les-Bains | Hilly stage |
231 km (144 mi) |  Sean Kelly (IRE) |
| 16 | 12 July | Thonon-les-Bains – Morzine | Stage with mountain(s) |
200 km (120 mi) | Robert Alban (FRA) |
| 17 | 14 July | Morzine – Alpe d'Huez | Stage with mountain(s) |
230 km (140 mi) | Peter Winnen (NED) |
| 18 | 15 July | Le Bourg-d'Oisans – Le Pleynet | Stage with mountain(s) |
134 km (83 mi) | Bernard Hinault (FRA) |
| 19 | 16 July | Veurey – Saint-Priest | Plain stage |
118 km (73 mi) | Daniel Willems (BEL) |
| 20 | 17 July | Saint-Priest | Individual time trial |
46 km (29 mi) | Bernard Hinault (FRA) |
| 21 | 18 July | Auxerre – Fontenay-sous-Bois | Plain stage |
207 km (129 mi) | Johan van der Velde (NED) |
| 22 | 19 July | Fontenay-sous-Bois – Paris (Champs-Élysées) | Plain stage |
187 km (116 mi) | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
Results
There were several classifications in the 1981 Tour de France, four of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[9]
Additionally, there was a points classification, were cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[9]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[9]
Another classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only neo-professionals were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey.[10]
The fifth individual classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1981, this classification had no associated jersey.[11]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that lead this classification wore yellow caps.[12]
General classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bernard Hinault (FRA) |
Renault | 96h 19' 38" |
| 2 | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) |
Boston | +14' 34" |
| 3 | Robert Alban (FRA) |
La Redoute | +17' 04" |
| 4 | Joop Zoetemelk (NED) |
TI-Raleigh-Creda | +18' 21" |
| 5 | Peter Winnen (NED) |
Capri Sonne | +20' 26" |
| 6 | Jean-René Bernaudeau (FRA) |
Peugeot | +23' 02" |
| 7 | Johan De Muynck (BEL) |
Splendor | +24' 25" |
| 8 |  Sven-Åke Nilsson (SWE) |
Splendor | +24' 37" |
| 9 | Claude Criquielion (BEL) |
Splendor | +26' 18" |
| 10 |  Phil Anderson (AUS) |
Peugeot | +27' 00" |
| Final general classification (11–121) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
| 11 | Alfons De Wolf (BEL) |
Vermeer Thys | +28' 53" |
| 12 | Johan van der Velde (NED) |
TI-Raleigh-Creda | +29' 46" |
| 13 | Marcel Tinazzi (FRA) |
SEM | +30' 03" |
| 14 | Paul Wellens (BEL) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | +32' 09" |
| 15 | Mariano Martínez (FRA) |
La Redoute | +32' 16" |
| 16 | Eddy Schepers (BEL) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | +33' 27" |
| 17 | Raymond Martin (FRA) |
Miko | +33' 41" |
| 18 | Michel Laurent (FRA) |
Peugeot | +34' 41" |
| 19 | Jean-François Rodriguez (FRA) |
Renault | +38' 32" |
| 20 |  Graham Jones (GBR) |
Peugeot | +41' 06" |
| 21 |  Alberto Fernández (ESP) |
Teka | +42' 27" |
| 22 |  Lucien Didier (LUX) |
Renault | +49' 26" |
| 23 | Jacques Michaud (FRA) |
SEM | +50' 23" |
| 24 | Dominique Arnaud (FRA) |
Puch | +52' 15" |
| 25 | Géry Verlinden (BEL) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | +52' 48" |
| 26 | Didier Vanoverschelde (FRA) |
La Redoute | +53' 13" |
| 27 | Charly Berard (FRA) |
Renault | +56' 06" |
| 28 | Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle (FRA) |
Peugeot | +56' 37" |
| 29 | Régis Ovion (FRA) |
Puch | +56' 43" |
| 30 | Hennie Kuiper (NED) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | +57' 21" |
| 31 | Pierre Bazzo (FRA) |
La Redoute | +58' 00" |
| 32 |  Jonathan Boyer (USA) |
Renault | +59' 21" |
| 33 | Serge Beucherie (FRA) |
SEM | +1h 01' 40" |
| 34 |  Jostein Wilmann (NOR) |
Capri Sonne | +1h 02' 46" |
| 35 | Marino Lejarreta (ESP) |
Teka | +1h 10' 37" |
| 36 | Christian Seznec (FRA) |
Miko | +1h 12' 43" |
| 37 | Bernard Thevenet (FRA) |
Puch | +1h 12' 48" |
| 38 | Vicente Belda (ESP) |
Kelme | +1h 14' 23" |
| 39 | Theo de Rooij (NED) |
Capri Sonne | +1h 16' 02" |
| 40 | Ronny Claes (BEL) |
Capri Sonne | +1h 17' 08" |
| 41 | Alain Meslet (FRA) |
Boston | +1h 18' 38" |
| 42 | Jordi (Jorge) Fortia (ESP) |
Kelme | +1h 23' 28" |
| 43 | Alain Vigneron (FRA) |
Renault | +1h 24' 52" |
| 44 | Patrick Perret (FRA) |
Peugeot | +1h 25' 55" |
| 45 | Bernard Vallet (FRA) |
La Redoute | +1h 26' 10" |
| 46 | Hubert Linard (FRA) |
Peugeot | +1h 26' 12" |
| 47 | Patrick Friou (FRA) |
Miko | +1h 27' 20" |
| 48 | Sean Kelly (IRE) |
Splendor | +1h 28' 24" |
| 49 |  Klaus-Peter Thaler (GER) |
Puch | +1h 28' 51" |
| 50 | Juan Fernández (ESP) |
Kelme | +1h 30' 46" |
| 51 | Régis Clère (FRA) |
Miko | +1h 31' 01" |
| 52 | Guy Nulens (BEL) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | +1h 33' 39" |
| 53 | Alain De Carvalho (FRA) |
Puch | +1h 35' 25" |
| 54 | Henk Lubberding (NED) |
TI-Raleigh-Creda | +1h 37' 43" |
| 55 | Gerrie Knetemann (NED) |
TI-Raleigh-Creda | +1h 39' 54" |
| 56 | Maurice Le Guilloux (FRA) |
Renault | +1h 41' 25" |
| 57 | Hendrik Devos (BEL) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | +1h 42' 05" |
| 58 | Jean-Louis Gauthier (FRA) |
Miko | +1h 42' 12" |
| 59 | Ludo Peeters (BEL) |
TI-Raleigh-Creda | +1h 43' 05" |
| 60 | Hubert Arbes (FRA) |
Renault | +1h 43' 45" |
| 61 | Roger Legeay (FRA) |
Peugeot | +1h 43' 56" |
| 62 | Ronald De Witte (BEL) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | +1h 44' 07" |
| 63 | Jacques Bossis (FRA) |
Peugeot | +1h 44' 39" |
| 64 | Ismael Lejarreta (ESP) |
Teka | +1h 44' 49" |
| 65 | Rudy Colman (BEL) |
Splendor | +1h 46' 53" |
| 66 | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | +1h 47' 34" |
| 67 | Jos De Schoenmaecker (BEL) |
Vermeer Thys | +1h 47' 54" |
| 68 | Bernard Becaas (FRA) |
Renault | +1h 48' 05" |
| 69 | Bernardo Alfonsel (ESP) |
Teka | +1h 49' 11" |
| 70 | Jean Chassang (FRA) |
Puch | +1h 50' 34" |
| 71 | Yves Hézard (FRA) |
Puch | +1h 52' 15" |
| 72 | Bernard Bourreau (FRA) |
Peugeot | +1h 56' 32" |
| 73 | Hubert Mathis (FRA) |
Miko | +1h 58' 29" |
| 74 | Ludo Delcroix (BEL) |
Capri Sonne | +1h 59' 59" |
| 75 | Rudy Pevenage (BEL) |
Capri Sonne | +2h 00' 34" |
| 76 | Louis Luyten (BEL) |
Vermeer Thys | +2h 02' 01" |
| 77 | Christian Levavasseur (FRA) |
Miko | +2h 02' 36" |
| 78 | Patrick Moerlen (SUI) |
SEM | +2h 03' 20" |
| 79 | Herman Beysens (BEL) |
Vermeer Thys | +2h 03' 25" |
| 80 | Hennie Stamsnijder (NED) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | +2h 05' 31" |
| 81 | Adrie van Houwelingen (NED) |
Vermeer Thys | +2h 06' 20" |
| 82 | Jean-Luc Vandenbroucke (BEL) |
La Redoute | +2h 07' 14" |
| 83 | René Martens (BEL) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | +2h 07' 41" |
| 84 | Jos Jacobs (BEL) |
Capri Sonne | +2h 08' 21" |
| 85 | Yvon Bertin (FRA) |
Renault | +2h 10' 08" |
| 86 | Joël Gallopin (FRA) |
Miko | +2h 10' 22" |
| 87 | Roger De Cnijf (BEL) |
Boston | +2h 10' 47" |
| 88 | Jean-François Pescheux (FRA) |
La Redoute | +2h 12' 04" |
| 89 | Franky De Gendt (BEL) |
Vermeer Thys | +2h 12' 42" |
| 90 | Patrick Hosotte (FRA) |
SEM | +2h 12' 49" |
| 91 | Paulinho Martinez (ESP) |
Teka | +2h 13' 12" |
| 92 | Marc Durant (FRA) |
La Redoute | +2h 13' 51" |
| 93 | William Tackaert (BEL) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | +2h 21' 50" |
| 94 | Frits Pirard (NED) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | +2h 23' 40" |
| 95 | Frank Hoste (BEL) |
TI-Raleigh-Creda | +2h 23' 56" |
| 96 | Eugène Urbany (LUX) |
Splendor | +2h 25' 01" |
| 97 | Jesus Guzman (ESP) |
Kelme | +2h 25' 38" |
| 98 | Jean-Paul Hosotte (FRA) |
SEM | +2h 28' 09" |
| 99 | Ferdi Van Den Haute (BEL) |
La Redoute | +2h 28' 11" |
| 100 | Jaime Vilamajo (ESP) |
Kelme | +2h 29' 41" |
| 101 | Eulalio García (ESP) |
Teka | +2h 30' 43" |
| 102 | Leo Wellens (BEL) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | +2h 30' 46" |
| 103 | Francisco Ramon Albelda (ESP) |
Kelme | +2h 33' 54" |
| 104 | Manuel (Imanol) Murga (ESP) |
Kelme | +2h 35' 45" |
| 105 | Jésus Suarez (ESP) |
Kelme | +2h 37' 36" |
| 106 | Marc Dierickx (BEL) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | +2h 38' 10" |
| 107 | Dirk Wayenberg (BEL) |
Capri Sonne | +2h 40' 27" |
| 108 | Eddy Verstraeten (BEL) |
Vermeer Thys | +2h 44' 22" |
| 109 | Albert Zweifel (SUI) |
SEM | +2h 44' 24" |
| 110 | Marcel Laurens (BEL) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | +2h 45' 21" |
| 111 | Willy Teirlinck (BEL) |
Boston | +2h 46' 44" |
| 112 |  Gerhard Schönbacher (AUT) |
Puch | +2h 51' 30" |
| 113 | Johnny Broers (NED) |
Splendor | +3h 01' 58" |
| 114 | Luc De Grauwe (BEL) |
Boston | +3h 05' 51" |
| 115 | Aad van den Hoek (NED) |
TI-Raleigh-Creda | +3h 11' 29" |
| 116 | Jan Jonkers (NED) |
Boston | +3h 15' 21" |
| 117 | Johan Wellens (BEL) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | +3h 16' 02" |
| 118 | Jorge Ruiz (ESP) |
Teka | +3h 16' 13" |
| 119 | Alain De Roo (BEL) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | +3h 19' 07" |
| 120 | Philippe Tesniere (FRA) |
Boston | +4h 14' 59" |
| 121 | Faustino Cueli (ESP) |
Teka | +4h 29' 54" |
Points classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | 428 |
| 2 | William Tackaert (BEL) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | 222 |
| 3 | Bernard Hinault (FRA) |
Renault | 184 |
| 4 | Alfons De Wolf (BEL) |
Vermeer Thys | 152 |
| 5 | Rudy Pevenage (BEL) |
Capri Sonne | 147 |
| 6 | Phil Anderson (AUS) |
Peugeot | 146 |
| 7 | Sean Kelly (IRE) |
Splendor | 121 |
| 8 | Johan van der Velde (NED) |
TI-Raleigh-Creda | 120 |
Mountains classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lucien Van Impe (BEL) |
Boston | 284 |
| 2 | Bernard Hinault (FRA) |
Renault | 222 |
| 3 | Jean-René Bernaudeau (FRA) |
Peugeot | 168 |
| 4 | Robert Alban (FRA) |
La Redoute | 134 |
| 5 | Sven-Åke Nilsson (SWE) |
Splendor | 95 |
| 6 | Phil Anderson (AUS) |
Peugeot | 79 |
| 7 | Peter Winnen (NED) |
Capri Sonne | 70 |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Peugeot | 399h 30' 24" |
| 2 | Renault | +11' 20" |
| 3 | Capri-Sonne | +26' 46" |
| 4 | La Redoute | +42' 49" |
| 5 | Sem | +45' 53" |
| 6 | Splendor | +52' 17" |
| 7 | Raleigh | +1h 55' 35" |
| 8 | Mercier | +2h 15' 53" |
| 9 | Daf | +2h 23' 29" |
| 10 | Puch | +2h 29' 20" |
| 11 | Boule d'Or | +2h 56' 16" |
| 12 | Vermeer | +4h 02' 24" |
| 13 | Teka | +4h 04' 24" |
| 14 | Boston | +4h 43' 06" |
| 15 | Kelme | +6h 18' 34" |
Young rider classification
| Rank | Name | Team |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Peter Winnen (NED) |
Capri Sonne |
| 2 | Claude Criquielion (BEL) |
Splendor |
| 3 | Phil Anderson (AUS) |
Peugeot |
| 4 | Jean-François Rodriguez (FRA) |
Renault |
| 5 | Graham Jones (GBR) |
Peugeot |
Intermediate sprints classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
Sunair-Sport Solo-Colnago | 131 |
| 2 | William Tackaert (BEL) |
DAF Trucks-Côte d'Or | 106 |
| 3 | Bernard Hinault (FRA) |
Renault | 61 |
| 4 | Yvon Bertin (FRA) |
Renault | 51 |
| 5 | Pierre Bazzo (FRA) |
La Redoute | 45 |
Aftermath
The 1981 Tour de France is seen as the year in which the globalization of the Tour became important. Before, the most cyclists come from France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands, with only occasional success from other European cyclists. Anderson was the first non-European cyclist to lead the Tour de France, and more would follow in the coming years.[15] The plans to make the Tour de France open to amateurs were not forgotten, and it happened in 1983.[16]
Anderson would again wear the yellow jersey in the next year, when he also won the young rider classification.
Hinault won five stages as reigning world champion. This had happened before, most recently in 1979 with Gerrie Knetemann and in 1980 with Jan Raas, but after 1981 it became a rare occurrence. The next time that this happened was in 2002 with Oscar Freire, and after that in 2011 with Thor Hushovd.[17]
Maertens would make his comeback year complete by winning the 1981 UCI Road World Championships later that year, but after that never reached his 1981 level again.
References
- ^ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique" (in French) (PDF). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/COURSE/docs/histo2009_06.pdf. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Profwereld wijst 'open' rondes af" (in Dutch). Nieuwsblad van het Noorden. De Krant van Toen. 28 November 1980. http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/vw/article.do?id=NVHN-19801128-AE0023006&vw=org. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "68ème Tour de France 1981" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1981.php. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour de France: 1965-2007. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 129–133. ISBN 1-59858-608-4. http://books.google.nl/books?id=V8mlwItBhhcC&pg=PA129. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ a b c Boyce, Barry (2010). "The Badger's return to Form". Cycling Revealed. http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/timeline/Race%20Snippets/TdF/TdF1981.html. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Aubrey, Jane (6 July 2011). "Tour de France: Remembering Phil Anderson's day in yellow". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/tour-de-france-remembering-phil-andersons-day-in-yellow. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique, Part 4" (in French) (PDF). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/COURSE/docs/histo2009_04.pdf. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC Top Ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1981. Retrieved 15 Aug 2011.
- ^ a b c Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ "TDF guides: White jersey". TeamSky.com. BSkyB. 22 June 2011. http://www.teamsky.com/article/0,27290,21579_6999124,00.html. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ Mark, Eddy van der. "Tour Xtra: Intermediate Sprints Classification". Chippewa Valley Cycling Club. http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/eddy/xtra_bestanden/combativity.htm. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ Chauner, David; Halstead, Michael (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0-679-72936-4. http://www.faqs.org/faqs/bicycles-faq/part1/section-20.html#b. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Laatste Tour in cijfers" (in Dutch). Leidsch dagblad (Regionaal archief Leiden): p. 10. 20 July 1981. http://leiden.courant.nu/index.php?page=0&mod=krantresultaat&q=jongerenklassement&datering=1981&qt=paragraaf&pagina=&sort=datum%20desc,krant%20desc,pagina%20desc. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- ^ a b c "Clasificaciones" (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo: p. 22. 20 July 1981. http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1981/07/20/pagina-22/1075603/pdf.html. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- ^ Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903-2003: a century of sporting structures, meanings, and values. Routledge. p. 219. ISBN 0-7146-5362-4. http://books.google.nl/books?id=54pAJY6Ix8YC&pg=PA219#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "Memoire du Cyclisme - 70ème Tour de France 1983" (in French). Memoire du Cyclisme. http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1983.php. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Wilcockson, John (15 July 2011). "Inside the Tour with John Wilcockson: Hushovd joins an elite band of world champion stage winners". Velonews. Competitor Group. http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/07/news/inside-the-tour-with-john-wilcockson-hushovd-joins-an-elite-band-of-world-champion-stage-winners_184271. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:
Copyrights:
Wikipedia on Answers.com
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article 1981 Tour de France.
Read more