1999 Tour de France
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1999 Tour de France
 |
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| Route of the 1999 Tour de France | |||
| Race details | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | July 3–July 25, 1999 | ||
| Stages | 20+Prologue | ||
| Distance | 3,690.8 km (2,293 mi) | ||
| Winning time | 91h 32' 16"[1] (40.277 km/h or 25.027 mph) | ||
| Palmarès | |||
 |
Winner |  Lance Armstrong (USA) |
(US Postal) |
| Second |  Alex Zülle (Switzerland) |
(Banesto) | |
| Third |  Fernando Escartín (Spain) |
(Kelme-Costa Blanca) | |
|
|
|||
 |
Points |  Erik Zabel (Germany) |
(Team Telekom) |
 |
Mountains |  Richard Virenque (France) |
(Polti) |
| Youth | Benoît Salmon (France) |
(Casino-Ag2r Prévoyance) | |
| Team | Banesto | ||
|
← 1998
2000 →
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The 1999 Tour de France was the 86th Tour de France, taking place from July 3 to July 25, 1999. It was won by Lance Armstrong, his first of 7 consecutive wins, the most in Tour history. There were no French stage winners for the first time since the 1926 Tour de France. Additionally, Mario Cipollini won 4 stages in a row, setting the post-World War II record for consecutive stage wins.
The 1999 edition of Tour de France had two bizarre moments. The first was on stage 2 when a 25 rider pile-up occurred at Passage du Gois. Passage du Gois is a two mile causeway which depending on the tide can be under water. The second bizarre incident was on stage 10, one kilometre from the summit of Alpe d'Huez. Leading Italian rider Giuseppe Guerini was confronted by a spectator holding a camera in the middle of the road. Guerini hit the spectator but recovered and went on to win the stage.
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Contents
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Participants
The following 20 teams were each allowed to field nine cyclists:[2][3]
† indicates wildcard entries.[4]
After the doping controversies in the 1998 Tour de France, the Tour organisation banned some persons from the race, including cyclist Richard Virenque, Laurent Roux and Philippe Gaumont, manager Manolo Saiz and the entire TVM-Farm Frites team.[2] Virenque's team Polti then appealed at the UCI against this decision, and the UCI then forced the Tour organisation to allow Virenque and Saiz entry in the Tour.[5]
Initially, the Vini Caldirola team had been selected, but after their team leader Serhiy Honchar failed a blood test in the 1999 Tour de Suisse, the tour organisation removed Vini Caldirola from the starting list, and replaced them by Cantina Tollo-Alexia Alluminio, the first reserve team.[4]
Stages
| Stage | Date | Route | Terrain | Length | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 3 July | Le Puy du Fou |  Individual time trial |
6.8 km (4.2 mi) | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
| 1 | 4 July | Montaigu – Challans |  Plain stage |
208.0 km (129.2 mi) |  Jaan Kirsipuu (EST) |
| 2 | 5 July | Challans – Saint-Nazaire | Plain stage |
176.0 km (109.4 mi) |  Tom Steels (BEL) |
| 3 | 6 July | Nantes – Laval | Plain stage |
194.5 km (120.9 mi) | Tom Steels (BEL) |
| 4 | 7 July | Laval – Blois | Plain stage |
194.5 km (120.9 mi) |  Mario Cipollini (ITA) |
| 5 | 8 July | Bonneval – Amiens | Plain stage |
233.5 km (145.1 mi) | Mario Cipollini (ITA) |
| 6 | 9 July | Amiens – Maubeuge | Plain stage |
171.5 km (106.6 mi) | Mario Cipollini (ITA) |
| 7 | 10 July | Avesnes-sur-Helpe – Thionville | Plain stage |
227.0 km (141.1 mi) | Mario Cipollini (ITA) |
| 8 | 11 July | Metz – Metz | Individual time trial |
56.5 km (35.1 mi) | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
| 9 | 13 July | Le Grand-Bornand – Sestrières |  Stage with mountain(s) |
213.5 km (132.7 mi) | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
| 10 | 14 July | Sestrières – Alpe d'Huez | Stage with mountain(s) |
220.5 km (137.0 mi) | Giuseppe Guerini (ITA) |
| 11 | 15 July | Le Bourg-d'Oisans – Saint-Étienne |  Hilly stage |
198.5 km (123.3 mi) | Ludo Dierckxsens (BEL) |
| 12 | 16 July | Saint-Galmier – Saint-Flour | Hilly stage |
201.5 km (125.2 mi) | David Etxebarria (ESP) |
| 13 | 17 July | Saint-Flour – Albi | Hilly stage |
236.5 km (147.0 mi) | Salvatore Commesso (ITA) |
| 14 | 18 July | Castres – Saint-Gaudens | Plain stage |
199.0 km (123.7 mi) |  Dmitri Konychev (RUS) |
| 15 | 20 July | Saint-Gaudens – Piau-Engaly | Stage with mountain(s) |
173.0 km (107.5 mi) | Fernando Escartín (ESP) |
| 16 | 21 July | Lannemezan – Pau | Stage with mountain(s) |
192.0 km (119.3 mi) | David Etxebarria (ESP) |
| 17 | 22 July | Mourenx – Bordeaux | Plain stage |
200.0 km (124.3 mi) | Tom Steels (BEL) |
| 18 | 23 July | Jonzac – Futuroscope | Plain stage |
187.5 km (116.5 mi) | Giampaolo Mondini (ITA) |
| 19 | 24 July | Futuroscope – Futuroscope | Individual time trial |
57.0 km (35.4 mi) | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
| 20 | 25 July | Arpajon – Paris (Champs-Élysées) | Plain stage |
143.5 km (89.2 mi) |  Robbie McEwen (AUS) |
Classification leadership
- Jersey wearers when one rider is leading two or more competitions
- In stage 1, Alex Zülle wore the green jersey.
- In stages 3 through 6, Tom Steels wore the green jersey.
- In stage 7, Erik Zabel wore the green jersey.
- In stage 8, Mario Cipollini wore the green jersey.
- Other notes
- The white jersey wasn't actually awarded between 1989 and 1999 - the white column in this table represents the leader in the youth classification.
Results
There were several classifications in the 1999 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[7]
Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[7]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[7]
The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[7]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that lead this classification wore yellow caps.[8]
For the combativity classification, a jury gave points after each stage to the cyclists they considered most combative. The cyclist with the most votes in all stages lead the classification.
General classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 91h 32' 16" |
| 2 | Alex Zülle (SUI) |
Banesto | +7' 37" |
| 3 | Fernando Escartín (ESP) |
Kelme | +10' 26" |
| 4 | Laurent Dufaux (SUI) |
Saeco | +14' 43" |
| 5 | Ángel Casero (ESP) |
Vitalicio Seguros | +15' 11" |
| 6 | Abraham Olano (ESP) |
ONCE | +16' 47" |
| 7 | Daniele Nardello (ITA) |
Mapei | +17' 02" |
| 8 | Richard Virenque (FRA) |
Polti | +17' 28" |
| 9 | Wladimir Belli (ITA) |
Festina | +17' 37" |
| 10 | Andrea Peron (ITA) |
ONCE | +23' 10" |
| Final general classification (11–141) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
| 11 | Kurt Van De Wouwer (BEL) |
Lotto | +23' 32" |
| 12 | David Etxebarria (ESP) |
ONCE | +26' 41" |
| 13 | Tyler Hamilton (USA) |
US Postal Service | +26' 53" |
| 14 | Stéphane Heulot (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +27' 58" |
| 15 | Roland Meier (SUI) |
Cofidis | +28' 44" |
| 16 | Benoit Salmon (FRA) |
Casino | +28' 59" |
| 17 | Alberto Elli (ITA) |
Telekom | +33' 39" |
| 18 | Paolo Lanfranchi (ITA) |
Mapei | +34' 14" |
| 19 |  Carlos Contreras (COL) |
Kelme | +34' 53" |
| 20 |  Georg Totschnig (AUT) |
Telekom | +37' 10" |
| 21 | Mario Aerts (BEL) |
Lotto | +39' 21" |
| 22 | Giuseppe Guerini (ITA) |
Telekom | +39' 29" |
| 23 | Gianni Faresin (ITA) |
Mapei | +40' 28" |
| 24 | Álvaro González de Galdeano (ESP) |
Vitalico Seguros | +43' 39" |
| 25 | Marcos Antonio Serrano (ESP) |
ONCE | +45' 03" |
| 26 | Francisco Tomas García (ESP) |
Vitalico Seguros | +45' 31" |
| 27 | Christophe Moreau (FRA) |
Festina | +45' 34" |
| 28 | Francisco Mancebo (ESP) |
Banesto | +50' 31" |
| 29 | Luis Perez (ESP) |
ONCE | +52' 53" |
| 30 | François Simon (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | +53' 21" |
| 31 | Armin Meier (SUI) |
Saeco | +1h 00' 10" |
| 32 | Stefano Garzelli (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +1h 00' 45" |
| 33 | Javier Pascual (ESP) |
Kelme | +1h 01' 20" |
| 34 | Massimiliano Lelli (ITA) |
Cofidis | +1h 01' 27" |
| 35 |  Alexandre Vinokourov (KAZ) |
Casino | +1h 02' 23" |
| 36 | Kevin Livingston (USA) |
US Postal Service | +1h 06' 10" |
| 37 | José Joaquim Castelblanco (COL) |
Kelme | +1h 08' 05" |
| 38 | Salvatore Commesso (ITA) |
Saeco | +1h 09' 15" |
| 39 | César Solaun (ESP) |
Banesto | +1h 10' 01" |
| 40 | Udo Bölts (GER) |
Telekom | +1h 11' 51" |
| 41 | Steve De Wolf (BEL) |
Cofidis | +1h 11' 54" |
| 42 | Frédérick Bessy (FRA) |
Casino | +1h 15' 26" |
| 43 | Miguel Angel Peña (ESP) |
Banesto | +1h 19' 26" |
| 44 | Laurent Madouas (FRA) |
Festina | +1h 20' 42" |
| 45 | Geert Verheyen (BEL) |
Lotto | +1h 23' 24" |
| 46 | José Luis Arrieta (ESP) |
Banesto | +1h 24' 29" |
| 47 | Francisco Javier Cerezo (ESP) |
Vitalico Seguros | +1h 26' 50" |
| 48 | Thierry Bourguignon (FRA) |
Big Mat-Auber | +1h 27' 43" |
| 49 | Manuel Fernández (ESP) |
Mapei | +1h 30' 20" |
| 50 | Mariano Piccoli (ITA) |
Lampre | +1h 31' 21" |
| 51 | Lylian Lebreton (FRA) |
Big Mat-Auber | +1h 32' 51" |
| 52 | Jean-Cyril Robin (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +1h 33' 14" |
| 53 | Marco Fincato (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +1h 36' 57" |
| 54 | Jon Odriozola (ESP) |
Banesto | +1h 41' 55" |
| 55 | Marco Serpellini (ITA) |
Lampre | +1h 42' 04" |
| 56 |  Michael Boogerd (NED) |
Rabobank | +1h 42' 22" |
| 57 | Fabian Jeker (SUI) |
Festina | +1h 42' 25" |
| 58 | Rafael Díaz (ESP) |
ONCE | +1h 43' 36" |
| 59 | José Javier Gomez (ESP) |
Kelme | +1h 45' 50" |
| 60 | Jens Voigt (GER) |
Crédit Agricole | +1h 47' 47" |
| 61 | Santos González (ESP) |
ONCE | +1h 48' 21" |
| 62 | Dmitri Konychev (RUS) |
Mercatone Uno | +1h 49' 10" |
| 63 | Peter Farazijn (BEL) |
Cofidis | +1h 55' 01" |
| 64 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) |
Vitalico Seguros | +1h 55' 33" |
| 65 | Frankie Andreu (USA) |
US Postal Service | +1h 59' 01" |
| 66 | Stefano Cattai (ITA) |
Polti | +1h 59' 49" |
| 67 | Christophe Oriol (FRA) |
Casino | +2h 01' 06" |
| 68 | José Vicente Garcia (ESP) |
Banesto | +2h 01' 46" |
| 69 | Fabrice Gougot (FRA) |
Casino | +2h 02' 05" |
| 70 | Christophe Mengin (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +2h 04' 03" |
| 71 | Rik Verbrugghe (BEL) |
Lotto | +2h 04' 31" |
| 72 | Marc Lotz (NED) |
Rabobank | +2h 08' 08" |
| 73 | Steffen Wesemann (GER) |
Telekom | +2h 09' 22" |
| 74 | Stéphane Goubert (FRA) |
Polti | +2h 10' 58" |
| 75 | José Luis Rebollo (ESP) |
ONCE | +2h 12' 57" |
| 76 | Prudencio Indurain (ESP) |
Vitalico Seguros | +2h 14' 15" |
| 77 | Laurent Brochard (FRA) |
Festina | +2h 14' 42" |
| 78 | George Hincapie (USA) |
US Postal Service | +2h 16' 35" |
| 79 | Christophe Rinero (FRA) |
Cofidis | +2h 16' 35" |
| 80 | Jörg Jaksche (GER) |
Telekom | +2h 16' 44" |
| 81 | Giampaolo Mondini (ITA) |
Cantina Tollo | +2h 17' 34" |
| 82 | Gilles Maignan (FRA) |
Casino | +2h 18' 02" |
| 83 | Cédric Vasseur (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | +2h 18' 23" |
| 84 | Maarten den Bakker (NED) |
Rabobank | +2h 19' 03" |
| 85 | Christian Vande Velde (USA) |
US Postal Service | +2h 23' 58" |
| 86 | Javier Otxoa (ESP) |
Kelme | +2h 24' 14" |
| 87 | Riccardo Forconi (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +2h 25' 02" |
| 88 | Laurent Lefèvre (FRA) |
Festina | +2h 25' 08" |
| 89 | Erik Zabel (GER) |
Telekom | +2h 26' 01" |
| 90 | Dominique Rault (FRA) |
Big Mat-Auber | +2h 27' 17" |
| 91 | Pascal Chanteur (FRA) |
Casino | +2h 28' 00" |
| 92 | Elio Aggiano (ITA) |
Vitalico Seguros | +2h 28' 33" |
| 93 | Alexei Sivakov (RUS) |
Big Mat-Auber | +2h 29' 40" |
| 94 | Stuart O'Grady (AUS) |
Crédit Agricole | +2h 30' 07" |
| 95 | Massimo Giunti (ITA) |
Cantina Tollo | +2h 30' 25" |
| 96 | Thierry Gouvenou (FRA) |
Big Mat-Auber | +2h 32' 11" |
| 97 | Patrick Jonker (AUS) |
Rabobank | +2h 32' 20" |
| 98 | David Navas (ESP) |
Banesto | +2h 33' 31" |
| 99 | Fabio Sacchi (ITA) |
Polti | +2h 33' 39" |
| 100 | Laurent Desbiens (FRA) |
Cofidis | +2h 34' 01" |
| 101 | José Angel Vidal (ESP) |
Kelme | +2h 34' 22" |
| 102 |  Jaime Hernández (PAN) |
Festina | +2h 36' 04" |
| 103 | Davide Bramati (ITA) |
Mapei | +2h 36' 15" |
| 104 | Tom Steels (BEL) |
Mapei | +2h 36' 28" |
| 105 | Anthony Morin (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +2h 36' 37" |
| 106 | Frédérick Guesdon (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | +2h 37' 27" |
| 107 | Erik Dekker (NED) |
Rabobank | +2h 38' 05" |
| 108 | Fabien De Waele (BEL) |
Lotto | +2h 39' 21" |
| 109 | Beat Zberg (SUI) |
Rabobank | +2h 39' 29" |
| 110 | Kai Hundertmarck (GER) |
Telekom | +2h 39' 32" |
| 111 | Ludovic Auger (FRA) |
Big Mat-Auber | +2h 39' 38" |
| 112 | Peter Wuyts (BEL) |
Lotto | +2h 39' 50" |
| 113 | Marco Pinotti (ITA) |
Lampre | +2h 40' 00" |
| 114 | Silvio Martinello (ITA) |
Polti | +2h 43' 14" |
| 115 | Christophe Capelle (FRA) |
Big Mat-Auber | +2h 45' 17" |
| 116 |  Lars Michaelsen (DEN) |
Française des Jeux | +2h 46' 20" |
| 117 | Claude Lamour (FRA) |
Cofidis | +2h 46' 26" |
| 118 | Rolf Huser (SUI) |
Festina | +2h 47' 27" |
| 119 |  Chris Boardman (GBR) |
Crédit Agricole | +2h 47' 48" |
| 120 | Mirko Crepaldi (ITA) |
Polti | +2h 49' 14" |
| 121 | Henk Vogels jr (AUS) |
Crédit Agricole | +2h 49' 17" |
| 122 | Robbie McEwen (AUS) |
Rabobank | +2h 49' 23" |
| 123 | Sébastien Hinault (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | +2h 51' 03" |
| 124 | Sergio Barbero (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +2h 51' 09" |
| 125 | Gabriele Colombo (ITA) |
Cantina Tollo | +2h 51' 43" |
| 126 | Carlos De La Cruz (FRA) |
Big Mat-Auber | +2h 51' 48" |
| 127 | Rossano Brasi (ITA) |
Polti | +2h 52' 01" |
| 128 | Thierry Marichal (BEL) |
Lotto | +2h 54' 06" |
| 129 | Juan José De Los Angeles (ESP) |
Kelme | +2h 54' 40" |
| 130 | Sebastien Demarbaix (BEL) |
Lotto | +2h 58' 32" |
| 131 |  Marcus Ljungqvist (SWE) |
Cantina Tollo | +3h 00' 09" |
| 132 | Anthony Langella (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | +3h 02' 20" |
| 133 | Bart Leysen (BEL) |
Mapei | +3h 03' 11" |
| 134 | Massimiliano Napolitano (ITA) |
Mercatone Uno | +3h 05' 09" |
| 135 | Pedro Horrillo (ESP) |
Vitalico Seguros | +3h 05' 31" |
| 136 | Jan Schaffrath (GER) |
Telekom | +3h 05' 41" |
| 137 | Luca Mazzanti (ITA) |
Cantina Tollo | +3h 06' 28" |
| 138 | Alessandro Baronti (ITA) |
Cantina Tollo | +3h 07' 07" |
| 139 | Thierry Loder (FRA) |
Cofidis | +3h 11' 55" |
| 140 | Pascal Deramé (FRA) |
US Postal Service | +3h 14' 19" |
| 141 | Jacky Durand (FRA) |
Lotto | +3h 19' 09" |
Points classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Erik Zabel (GER) |
Telekom | 327 |
| 2 | Stuart O'Grady (AUS) |
Crédit Agricole | 275 |
| 3 | Christophe Capelle (FRA) |
Big Mat-Auber | 196 |
| 4 | Tom Steels (BEL) |
Mapei | 188 |
| 5 | François Simon (FRA) |
Crédit Agricole | 186 |
| 6 | George Hincapie (USA) |
US Postal Service | 166 |
| 7 | Robbie McEwen (AUS) |
Rabobank | 166 |
| 8 | Giampaolo Mondini (ITA) |
Cantina Tollo | 141 |
| 9 | Christophe Moreau (FRA) |
Festina | 140 |
| 10 | Silvio Martinello (ITA) |
Polti | 130 |
Mountains classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Richard Virenque (FRA) |
Polti | 279 |
| 2 | Alberto Elli (ITA) |
Telekom | 226 |
| 3 | Mariano Piccoli (ITA) |
Lampre | 205 |
| 4 | Fernando Escartín (ESP) |
Kelme | 194 |
| 5 | Lance Armstrong (USA) |
US Postal Service | 193 |
| 6 | Alex Zülle (SUI) |
Banesto | 152 |
| 7 | José Luis Arrieta (ESP) |
Banesto | 141 |
| 8 | Laurent Dufaux (SUI) |
Saeco | 141 |
| 9 | Andrea Peron (ITA) |
ONCE | 138 |
| 10 | Kurt Van De Wouwer (BEL) |
Lotto | 117 |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Banesto | 275h 05' 21" |
| 2 | ONCE-Deutsche Bank | +8' 16" |
| 3 | Festina-Lotus | +16' 13" |
| 4 | Kelme-Costa Blanca | +23' 48" |
| 5 | Mapei-Quick Step | +24' 13" |
| 6 | Team Telekom | +41' 00" |
| 7 | Vitalicio Seguros | +42' 44" |
| 8 | US Postal | +57' 13" |
| 9 | Cofidis | +58' 02" |
| 10 | Lotto-Mobistar | +1h 09' 02" |
Young rider classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Benoit Salmon (FRA) |
Casino | 92h 01' 15" |
| 2 | Mario Aerts (BEL) |
Lotto | +10' 22" |
| 3 | Francisco Tomas García (ESP) |
Vitalico Seguros | +16' 32" |
| 4 | Francisco Mancebo (ESP) |
Banesto | +21' 32" |
| 5 | Luis Perez (ESP) |
ONCE | +23' 54 |
Combativity classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jacky Durand (FRA) |
Lotto | 61 |
| 2 | Stéphane Heulot (FRA) |
Française des Jeux | 55 |
| 3 | Thierry Gouvenou (FRA) |
Big Mat-Auber | 51 |
References
- ^ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique" (in French) (PDF). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/COURSE/docs/histo2009_06.pdf. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ a b "Richard Virenque banned from Tour de France". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 17 June 1999. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1999/jun99/jun17.shtml. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "86ème Tour de France 1999" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1999.php. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Vini Caldirola now out of Tour". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 19 June 1999. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1999/jun99/jun19.shtml. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Virenque in the Tour". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 30 June 1999. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1999/jun99/jun30.shtml. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC Top Ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1999. Retrieved 15 Aug 2011.
- ^ a b c d Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ Chauner, David; Halstead, Michael (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0679729364. http://www.faqs.org/faqs/bicycles-faq/part1/section-20.html#b. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Tour de France, Grand Tour, Other Classifications after Stage 20". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 1999. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1999/tour99/stage20other.html. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
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