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2008 US beef protest in South Korea

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Protesters lit up their candles in downtown Seoul, 3 May 2008.
A close up picture of Candle-light girl, an iconic character created by protest organizers. The slogan reads, "All candles together, till our goals achieved". Photo taken in front of Seoul City Hall in 6 June 2008.

The 2008 US beef protest in South Korea resulted from the removal of a ban on the importation of US beef products into South Korea and affecting South Korea–United States (US) relations. The ban on US beef imports began in late December of 2003 following outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or "mad cow disease" in the US.[1][2] Lee Myung-bak, the President of South Korea, attempted to reopen the Korean market to US beef in 2008, and it was this decision that resulted in mass protests, due to fears of "mad cow disease". The distress of the protesters had also been influenced by South Korean media reports on the matter. The demonstrations were the country's largest anti-government protests in 20 years.[3]

Contents

Background

No case of "mad cow disease" in humans, or VCJD, has been linked to consumption of U.S. beef.[4] Fear of mad cow disease in U.S. beef is not limited to South Korea, though no demonstrations against a U.S. beef import agreement have occurred elsewhere. By 2006, sixty-five nations have had full or partial restrictions on importing U.S. beef products because of fears that the testing for Mad Cow Disease lack rigor. As a result, U.S. beef product exports declined from $3.8 billion in 2003 (before mad cow was first detected in the US), to $1.4 billion in 2005.[5]

Protesters said that the beef import deal had been reached hastily to meet the schedule for Lee's first visit to the United States and to promote a positive relationship with the United States over the well-being of its citizens and national sovereignty.[6] Some media anger over the South Korean government’s decision to resume imports of U.S. beef ran high after the Korean government was found to have made a series of errors in its negotiations with the United States.[7] According to Wikileaks documents, top officials of Lee's administration already agreed with then American ambassador, Alexander Vershbow, on January 17, 2008 to open up Korea's beef market, a few months before Lee's trip to the USA on April 2008.[8]

Reopening the market

The Government of South Korea banned imports of U.S. beef in 2003 when a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or "mad cow disease", was discovered in a cow in Washington.[9] By 2006, the United States Department of Agriculture would confirm a total of three cases of BSE-infected cattle, two raised domestically, and one imported from Canada.[10] At that time, South Korea was the third-largest purchaser of U.S. beef exports, with an estimated market value of $815 million.

An early attempt to reopen the South Korean market to US beef imports in the fall of 2006 failed when the South Korean government discovered bone chips in the shipment.[11] Sporadic attempts made in the following year also failed for similar reasons.[12][13]

When President Lee Myung-bak assumed office in February 2008, it was widely expected that he would relax the ban on US beef as part of the process of ratification for the South Korea – United States Free Trade Agreement concluded by his predecessor, Roh Moo-hyun. Lee agreed to relax the restrictions and eventually reopen the Korean market to U.S. beef, including beef from cattle over 30 months of age. It is widely believed that the beef negotiations were settled as a “gift” given to the United States in exchange for President Lee Myung-bak’s U.S. visit in April 2008. One of the grounds for this widely-accepted belief is that the negotiations were concluded too abruptly, with no breakthrough in the final stage. The talks began at 10:00am on April 11, 2008. At 6:00pm on April 17, the Korean representative of the negotiations, Min Dong-seok, said, “The two sides remain far divided and the gap is too deep.” However, negotiations were abruptly settled by 5:00am on April 18, 2008 (right before the South Korea-U.S. summit); with South Korea giving up nearly all of its demands.[7]

Domestic beef farmers and local activists had long opposed market opening, the FTA, and the lowering of Korea's high tariffs on imported meat.[14][15][16] When Lotte Department Store attempted to sell U.S. beef in July 2007 (during the Roh Moo-hyun administration), local activists opposed to the FTA stormed the meat counters and hurled cow dung at department store workers, abruptly terminating the resumption of sales.[17] Activists already claimed that American beef would cause mad cow disease well before the launch of the Lee Myung-Bak administration.

MBC PD Notebook

Protests began shortly after the Korean channel MBC aired an episode of its news program PD Notebook, (alternately "PD Note," "PD Diary," and" PD Journal") called "Is American Beef Really Safe from Mad Cow Disease?" The program alleged that reopening the Korean market to American beef would expose Koreans to the threat of mad cow disease, and featured some footage of sick cattle being led to slaughter. The program made numerous claims, including:

  • Footage of downer cows (i.e. cattle too old or sick to walk) was represented as possibly BSE-infected cattle entering the food supply. The footage came from a Humane Society video intended to protest animal cruelty that had nothing do with mad cow disease. In the United States, the Humane Society video intended to protest animal cruelty caused a health concern as well as an animal cruelty concern, whatever the original intention for the video was. Westland/Hallmark called back about two years of ground beef production in February after the release of an undercover video showed employees using electric prods to get lame cattle back on their feet.[18] The video suggested that sick animals may have bypassed required health inspections before being slaughtered. There was no evidence the cows in the video were afflicted with mad cow disease,[19] and downer cows in Korea are also routinely slaughtered under similar conditions.[20]
  • Aretha Vinson, a deceased Virginian woman, was described as having died from VCJD or "mad cow disease", rather than CJD.[21] Subtitles for Vinson's mother showed as if she said vCJD, while she actually said CJD.[22] In fact, Vinson did not die of mad cow disease.[23][24] The program contained many other mistranslations and deliberate omissions,[21] all of which generated the impression of an imminent and severe threat of mad cow disease if markets were reopened.[citation needed] According to MBC's translator, the translations were originally correct. Mistranslations were added afterwards against the translator's expressed wish.[25]
  • PD Notebook stated that Koreans were genetically vulnerable to mad cow disease at rates 2–3 times higher than other ethnic groups, and that 94% of Koreans would be infected with mad cow disease.[26][27]
  • The program suggested that the U.S. would export beef to Korea from cattle over 30 months of age that Americans do not consume.[28] This claim came from an interview with a worker at a supermarket meat counter. Americans routinely consume beef that is older than 30 months, while only 2% of the beef sent to Korea before the 2003 ban came from cattle more than 30 months of age.[29]
  • The program said that mad cow disease could be induced with a 100% fatality rate by consuming 0.01 gram of specified risk material.[30] MBC has never provided a source for this claim. In fact, eating small amounts of SRM is unlikely to induce disease even when it is infected.[citation needed]
  • PD Notebook suggested that mad cow disease could be spread through consuming powdered soup base in instant noodles, from using cosmetic products, and from consuming gelatin capsules in medication.[31][32]
  • PD Notebook suggested that if an outbreak of mad cow disease occurred in the U.S., that the Korean government would be unable to respond, and had therefore surrendered "sovereignty." The last assertion was false,[33] and later condemned by the court.[34]

Reactions to the program

Massive demonstrations began shortly after the first broadcast, and increased when MBC aired another segment two weeks later. When criticism arose, MBC initially denied that there was any misrepresentation. Leaked minutes from board meetings later indicated that MBC had done this to stall for time.[35][36] By June 25, pressure from politicians and other journalists caused MBC to issue a formal apology, admitting that translation errors had occurred and naming that as the root cause of any misinformation.[37] MBC's translator, Jeong Ji-min, however, objected that no such mistranslation had taken place, and that instead, the producers had deliberately inflated the risk of BSE.[38]

MBC would eventually become subject to various legal actions as a result of its programming. The Korea Communications Commission was first to launch an investigation, and concluded that MBC had deliberately distorted facts and/or fabricated information in order to exaggerate the threat of mad cow disease. On August 12, the Korea Communications Commission compelled MBC to apologize on air for its mistranslations.[39][40] MBC also became subject to investigation by the prosecution,[19][41] whose summons it chose to either ignore, or to repel with physical force,[42] as well as a class action lawsuit which was later dismissed. The prosecution’s investigation and indictment of the producers have been widely criticized for being excessive and for infringing on press freedoms.[43] Norma Kang Muico, Amnesty International’s Korea researcher, said, “We are extremely concerned that the human rights situation in South Korea has deteriorated since last year (2008).” As an example, she mentioned the prosecution’s indictment of five people who were involved in the production of an MBC program about mad cow disease that aired in 2008. She concluded,“The freedom of the press in Korea is now facing a challenge.”[43]

As of January 2010, all of the producers of the PD Diary program had been found not guilty, and the court ruled that it was a free speech issue. The decision found that the freedom of speech was of greater importance than an incorrect report.[44]

Mass protests

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Korea's protest culture

Vandalized police bus during 2008 protest.

Frequent demonstrations are a routine part of life in South Korea, where an average of 11,000 protests take place a year.[45] Such protests, have become a tolerated and accepted, if not universally embraced part of the nation's culture.[46] Protests have their roots in the student led "pro-democracy" and "pro-reunification" movements of the 1980s, and actually grew in frequency and spread throughout society after democracy was achieved.[47] Democracy was achieved mainly due to large-scale protests in 1987. Myriad groups, including sex workers, now regularly participate in street protests in Korea.[48] Larger scale protests are often violent, with protesters frequently coming armed with steel pipes or sharpened bamboo poles.[49][50] At times, protests have taken on more extreme forms, including self-immolation,[51] and on one notorious occasion, the public dismemberment of a live pig.[52][53]

Fashions in protest have also evolved, with candlelight vigils becoming widely popular in 2002 after two girls died in an accident involving US soldiers.[54] Candlelight vigils would thereafter take on uniquely Korean characteristics, and would be held for any occasion, rather than those specifically memorializing the dead. Candelight vigils have been held for reasons as varied as protesting Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment in 2004, to a myriad of other political causes.

Technically, at that time, any protest held at night is against the law in Korea.[55] However, after the protests, the constitutional court decided that the law is unconstitutional.

Candle light protest

Stacked shipping containers are blocking the Sejong avenue in downtown Seoul, which leads to the South Korean Presidential residence the Blue House. Photo taken on 12 June 2008.
Mass protesters occupied Seoul Plaza in front of Seoul City Hall. Photo taken on 6 June 2008.
Internet news media Ohmynews is broadcasting live protest in the street.

Worries proliferated rapidly after the PD Notebook broadcast, with the first "mad cow protests" held three days later by the "Nationwide Movement to Impeach Lee Myung-bak" (a forum on the Daum Internet portal service).[56] By May 4, riding a wave of fear stoked by the show, the campaign had collected more than a million signatures to impeach the President for endangering public health. Mass demonstrations began with a candlelight protest attended by 10,000 people held in Seoul's Cheonggyecheon assembled via the Internet and text message. Demonstrations were characterized in the early stages by the presence of large numbers of teenage girls.[57] Some of the attending students held up signs saying, "I have only lived 15 years!"[58] or expressed a desire to protect their favorite domestic pop stars from disease.[59] Others said "“For the first time in our lives, we are too worried about Korea’s future to go to bad.”[60] One student told the Washington Post: "I could study hard in school. I could get a good job, and then I could eat beef and just die."[61] Fliers were distributed saying "The entire South Korean population will die."

Actress Kim Min-seon even claimed that she would rather swallow prussic acid than eat American beef.[62] Along with PD Notebook's disputable claims came new and increasingly outlandish rumors that mad cow disease was transmissible through kissing, or could be contracted through use of diapers or sanitary napkins.[63] Some people claimed that Americans do not eat their own beef and eat only imported beef from Australia and New Zealand, that Americans do not even feed US beef to dogs, and that even vegetarians in the US had died of mad cow disease. Another rumor that emerged during the protests claimed that President Lee had ceded the territory of Dokdo to Japan.[64]

The national prosecution and police said that they were going to criminally prosecute people involved in spreading so-called “mad cow horror stories” on the internet, in addition to prosecuting the organizers of candlelight protests against imports of American beef.[65] After the initial demonstration, the area in front of Seoul's City Hall as well as the adjoining streets were essentially surrendered to candlelight demonstrators for the next three months. Protesters built a makeshift tent city on the lawn at Seoul Plaza where they camped round the clock, eventually damaging the grass.[66] Massive demonstrations and street marches were held nightly, paralyzing street traffic, with especially large demonstrations held on the weekends.

A festival-like atmosphere prevailed in the first month of demonstrations. [67] [68] Families arrived with children, and mothers brought their infants in strollers.[69] Protest organizers adopted an iconic cartoon image of a school girl holding a candle as their unofficial symbol. There was a tendency for peaceful demonstrators in the day and the early evening, and more violent clashes at night.[70] Fifty one people who participated in an overnight rally on May 24–25 were arrested by the police. This is the first time policemen have cracked down on candlelight rallies since they began on May 2.[71]

On June 1, the police began to exercise a series of drastic measures in the course of cracking down on demonstrations. They used water cannons at close range, in violation of safety regulations.[72]

Protests grew in scale and clashes became more violent in June, with protesters attacking police with steel pipes and setting fire to police buses.[73] Numerous injuries were incurred on on both sides. Demonstrators held a 72-hour relay protest from June 5–7.[74] Attendance peaked on the evening of June 10, with some 80,000 protesters, before declining thereafter.[75]

Police built a barricade across Sejong-Ro made of shipping containers filled with sand, dubbed "Myung-bak's Fortress" by protesters, intended to block protesters from marching to Cheongwadae, the office and residence of the President.[76] Protesters decorated the barrier with leaflets and large Korean flags, and photographed themselves standing on the barrier, which was dismantled several days later.

On June 26, all 14 members of the National Police Agency’s human rights committee decided to resign en masse to express regret for the crackdown on the candlelight rallies conducted by the riot police. The whole members of the committee said that the police’s excessive suppression of the demonstrations with the use of water cannons and fire extinguishers was one reason for their resignation. Another reason cited was regret over the police’s having labeled the candlelight rallies as illegal demonstrations.[77]

After Amnesty International's investigation into allegations of human rights abuse during the candlelight rallies, Norma Kang Muico, Amnesty International’s Korea researcher, advised the South Korean government to launch “immediate and fair probes into human rights abuses, including excessive use of force by police, at the candlelight demonstrations.” Muico released a report about the investigation on July 18, “I can confirm that there were cases of human rights abuse committed by the riot police, including use of excessive force, arbitrary detention, intentional suppression of protesters, brutal and non-humanitarian treatment and penalties and a lack of medical treatment for detainees. South Korea needs to swiftly correct these wrongdoings so as not to erode the democratic gains it has achieved in the past two decades.”[78]

Protesters's anger was not just due to the US beef imports issue. The candlelight rallies had other slogans such as “Stop the privatization of public companies”and "Humanized education policy".[79]

The rapid proliferation of protests and claims ensured that Lee, who had been elected with the largest margin of victory in decades, saw his approval ratings drop below 20 percent. His entire cabinet tendered their resignations.[80] More than 40,000 protesters gathered on Sejong Street in central Seoul on May 31, 2008 and police detained more than 200 after violent clashes.[81] More than 10,000 riot police were used to control the protesters; water cannon was used in some instances.[82] In response to the protests, the Lee Myung-bak administration delayed announcing the newer relaxed regulations,[83] which would not have discriminated against the import of cattle aged over 30 months. Younger cattle are thought to carry less of a risk of BSE. The protests resulted in injuries to over 200 people.[84]

One year later, demonstrators commemorated the anniversary of the protests by forcibly seizing and occupying the stage during the opening ceremony of the Hi! Seoul Festival, forcing its abrupt cancellation.[85][86][87][88][89][90]

Aftermath

A fast food restaurant in Seoul reassuring customers that they are using "clean beef from Australia".

President Lee Myung-bak made his fomal apology on June 18, by saying, “I should have paid attention to what people want. Sitting on a hill near Cheongwadae on the night of June 10, watching the candlelight vigil, I blamed myself for not serving the people better.”[91]

Kim Dae-joong, a Korean conservative columnist, (not to be confused with former Korean President and Nobel Peace Prize winner Kim Dae-jung) wrote, "it amounts to double-crossing to be really fond of America in all substantive matters, while bad-mouthing America in public protests" in an op-ed piece.[92]

The then-U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns said, "In beef trade issues, we base our decisions upon science."

"We have a longstanding history of military and security cooperation," Yonhap News quoted Tom Casey, deputy spokesman at the U.S. State Department, as saying. "I don't think this or any other individual issues are going to change the fundamental relations (between the two countries)."[93]

On July 2, 2008, Han Seung-soo, Prime Minister of South Korea bought 260,000 Korean won (roughly US$230–$260) worth of U.S. steak to eat with his family at his official residence to alleviate public worries about U.S. beef. The same amount of Korean beef would have cost approximately 800,000 Korean won (roughly $700–$800 and three times more expensive than imported U.S. beef).[94]

Lifting of import ban

Despite the protests, U.S. beef imports resumed on July 1, 2008 and became the second-most popular beef imports by August 2008. During that period, Australian beef accounted for 60% (12,753 tons) of a total 21,184 tons of imported beef, and U.S. beef came second with 20% (4,439 tons).[95]

See also

References

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