 Season summary map |
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| First storm formed: | May 28, 2009 |
|---|---|
| Last storm dissipated: | November 10, 2009 |
| Strongest storm: | Bill – 943 mbar (hPa) (27.86 inHg), 135 mph (215 km/h) |
| Total depressions: | 11 |
| Total storms: | 9 |
| Hurricanes: | 3 |
| Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+): | 2 |
| Total fatalities: | 15 direct |
| Total damage: | ~ $173.8 million (2009 USD) |
| Atlantic hurricane seasons 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, Post-2010 |
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| Related article: | |
The 2009 Atlantic hurricane season was below average in activity, with a total of nine named storms and three hurricanes. For the first time since 2006, no storm brought hurricane force winds to the United States, and only four storms made landfall anywhere at tropical storm force. The lack of activity was due to the appearance of El Niño during the summer, causing strong wind shear which inhibited the development of storms.[1]
The season began early with the development of Tropical Depression One on May 28, but for the next two months the Atlantic basin went dormant. On August 12, Tropical Storm Ana developed in the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands, marking the latest date since 1992's Hurricane Andrew when the season's first tropical cyclone was named in the Atlantic basin.[2] Tropical Storm Claudette formed on August 16 and became the first storm of the season, making landfall in the United States early the next morning. Hurricane Bill became the first hurricane and first major hurricane of the season. Hurricane Fred was unusual as it was the strongest hurricane so far south and east in the data record of the National Hurricane Center (NHC), becoming only the third known major hurricane east of 35°W. September's activity was below average in the basin this season, with only two named storms forming, Erika and Fred. September's Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) value was the lowest for the month since 1994, and the sixth lowest for the month since 1944. Ida, a late season storm that struck Alabama, was one of only six tropical storms to make landfall in the United States during the month of November.
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Seasonal forecasts
| Source | Date | Named storms |
Hurricanes | Major hurricanes |
|
| Average (1950–2000) | 9.6 | 5.9 | 2.3 | ||
| Record high activity | 28 | 15 | 8 | ||
| Record low activity | 4 | 2 | 0† | ||
| ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– | |||||
| CSU | December 10, 2008 | 14 | 7 | 3 | |
| CSU | April 7, 2009 | 12 | 6 | 2 | |
| NOAA | May 21, 2009 | 9–14 | 4–7 | 1–3 | |
| CSU | June 2, 2009 | 11 | 5 | 2 | |
| UKMO | June 18, 2009 | 6* | N/A | N/A | |
| CSU | August 4, 2009 | 10 | 4 | 2 | |
| NOAA | August 6, 2009 | 7–11 | 3–6 | 1–2 | |
| –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– | |||||
| Actual activity | 9 | 3 | 2 | ||
| * July-November only. † Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all) |
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Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts Philip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University; and separately by NOAA forecasters.
Klotzbach's team (formerly led by Gray) defined the average number of storms per season (1950 to 2000) as 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, 2.3 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) and ACE Index 96.1.[3] NOAA defines a season as above-normal, near-normal or below-normal by a combination of the number of named storms, the number reaching hurricane strength, the number reaching major hurricane strength and ACE Index.[4]
Pre-season forecasts
On December 10, 2008, Klotzbach's team issued its first extended-range forecast for the 2009 season, predicting above-average activity (14 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 of Category 3 or higher and ACE Index of 125). On April 7, 2009, Klotzbach's team issued an updated forecast for the 2009 season, predicting near-average activity (12 named storms, 6 hurricanes, 2 of Category 3 or higher and ACE Index of 100), citing the possible cause as the high probability of a weak El Niño forming during the season.[5] On May 21, 2009, NOAA issued their forecast for the season, predicting near or slightly above average activity, (9 to 14 named storms, 4 to 7 hurricanes, and 1 to 3 of Category 3 or higher).[6]
Midseason outlooks
On June 2, 2009, Klotzbach's team issued another updated forecast for the 2009 season, predicting slightly below average activity (11 named storms, 5 hurricanes, 2 of Category 3 or higher and ACE Index of 85). On June 18, 2009, the UK Met Office (UKMO) issued a forecast of 6 tropical storms in the July to November period with a 70% chance that the number would be in the range 3 to 9. They also predicted an ACE Index of 60 with a 70% chance that the index would be in the range 40 to 80.[7] On August 4, 2009, Klotzbach's team updated their forecast for the 2009 season, again predicting slightly below average activity (10 named storms, 4 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes). On August 6, 2009, the NOAA also updated their forecast for the 2009 season, predicting below average activity (7–11 named storms, 3–6 hurricanes, and 1–2 major hurricanes).
Storms
Tropical Depression One
| Tropical depression (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | May 28 – May 29 | ||
| Intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min), 1006 mbar (hPa) | ||
On May 28, the National Hurricane Center began issuing advisories on Tropical Depression One. The depression had formed about 400 miles (640 km) east-northeast of the Outer Banks of North Carolina. With relatively favorable conditions, the depression was forecast to strengthen into a tropical storm by early May 29 before dissipating over cooler waters shortly thereafter. However, the system did not reach tropical storm strength, and instead began to weaken rapidly later on the 29th.[8] The depression became extratropical at about 5 p.m. AST (2100 UTC) that same day,[9] and was absorbed by a frontal zone shortly thereafter.
Tropical Storm Ana
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Duration | August 11 – August 16 | ||
| Intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min), 1003 mbar (hPa) | ||
Ana formed out of an area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave on August 11, Ana briefly attained tropical storm intensity on August 12 before weakening back to a depression. The following day, the system degenerated into a non-convective remnant low as it tracked westward. On August 14, the depression regenerated roughly 1,075 mi (1,735 km) east of the Leeward Islands. Early on August 15, the storm re-attained tropical storm status, at which time it was named Ana. After reaching a peak intensity with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1003 mbar (hPa; 29.65 inHg), the storm began to weaken again due to increasing wind shear and the unusually fast movement of Ana. In post-storm analysis, it was discovered that Ana had degenerated into a tropical wave once more on August 16, before reaching any landmasses. [10]
Numerous tropical storm watches were issued for the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic between August 15 and 17. Several islands took minor precautions for the storm, including St. Croix which evacuated 40 residents from flood-prone areas ahead of the storm. In the Dominican Republic, officials took preparations by setting up relief agencies and setting up shelters. Impact from Ana was minimal, mainly consisting of light to moderate rainfall. In Puerto Rico, up to 2.76 in (70 mm), causing street flooding and forcing the evacuation of three schools. Tropical Storm Ana was one of three tropical storms active on August 16.
Hurricane Bill
| Category 4 hurricane (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | August 15 – August 24 | ||
| Intensity | 135 mph (215 km/h) (1-min), 943 mbar (hPa) | ||
Late on August 12, a strong tropical wave associated with an area of low pressure moved off the African coast with deep layers of moisture observed.[11] Later that day, the wave became better organized with a low level circulation forming, but without any significant convection. That night, the area of convection became more concentrated, but wind shear increased since the previous advisory. On August 14, the disturbance strengthened more and its convective bands became stronger with better circulation, indicating that the disturbance would soon become a tropical depression. Later, on August 15, even though some of its deep convection dissipated, it was officially named Bill, the second named storm of the 2009 season. Early on August 17, an eye appeared on visible and infrared loops and Bill strengthened into a hurricane, the first of the 2009 season. Bill then briefly underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, as the eye had contracted to a half its original size. However, strengthening continued and, on the evening of August 18, Bill rapidly strengthened into a major hurricane. Bill was one of three tropical storms active on August 16.
Bill slowly fell apart over next several days. It lost tropical characteristics after making landfall on Newfoundland as a weakening tropical storm on August 24. The extratropical storm then raced eastward in the Atlantic, in open waters of the North Atlantic, later affecting the United Kingdom.
Waves up the East Coast killed two people, coming close enough to warrant tropical cyclone watches and warnings in both the US and Canada. Bill was one of three tropical storms active on August 16. Large, life-threatening swells produced by the storm impacted north-facing coastlines of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola as Hurricane Bill approached Bermuda.[12] On Long Island, beach damage was severe; in some areas the damage was the worst since Hurricane Gloria in 1985. Along the coasts of North Carolina, waves averaging 10 ft (3.0 m) in height impacted beaches. [13]
Tropical Storm Claudette
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | August 16 – August 18 | ||
| Intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min), 1004 mbar (hPa) | ||
Tropical Storm Claudette formed as the fourth depression of the season in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on August 16. The disturbance developed rapidly and formation was not expected until just a few hours before its declaration as a tropical depression. As recently as nine hours before the storm's formation, the NHC gave the system a less than 30% chance of developing in the next 48 hours.[14] In an update statement issued at 12:15 p.m. EDT on August 16, 2009, Tropical Depression Four was upgraded to Tropical Storm Claudette based on NOAA radar in Tallahassee. Early on August 17, Claudette made landfall at the east end of Santa Rosa Island, Florida, with 50 mph winds. Later that day, the NHC issued its last public advisory on Claudette as it moved inland and weakened to a tropical depression. Advisories were continued by the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Tropical Storm Claudette was one of three tropical storms active on August 16.
The National Hurricane Center issued tropical storm warnings for the coastline and residents in some counties were advised to evacuate storm-surge-prone areas. One fatality resulted from rough seas off the coast of Panama City, Florida. Later that day, another man drowned after falling off his ship near Bay County. An EF-0 tornado spawned by the storm in Cape Coral, Florida damaged 11 homes, leaving $103,000 in damages.
Tropical Storm Danny
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | August 26 – August 29 | ||
| Intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min), 1006 mbar (hPa) | ||
Danny formed from a tropical wave interacting with an area of low pressure north of Hispaniola on August 26, but was barely tropical.[15] It skipped tropical depression status and then generally moved to the northwest, until it was absorbed into a larger extratropical storm on August 29. A boy was swept away from the rough surfs of Danny and his body was found several days later.[16] The damages from Danny are unknown but assumed to be minor.
Tropical Storm Erika
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Duration | September 1 – September 3 | ||
| Intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min), 1004 mbar (hPa) | ||
Tropical Storm Erika formed on September 1 at 5 p.m. AST northeast of the Leeward Islands from a low pressure area that had formed from a tropical wave south-southeast of Cape Verde on August 26. The wave moved across the Atlantic, and weakened to low potential for formation, but, the wave reorganized to medium potential, then high potential. Finally, around midday on September 1, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Storm Erika, skipping depression status; the second storm of the year to do so. Erika strengthened to a peak of 50 mph late on September 1, but began to weaken early the next day. On September 3, Erika was downgraded to a tropical depression and later became a remnant low. Damages were minor, though one island received several inches of rain.
Hurricane Fred
| Category 3 hurricane (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Duration | September 7 – September 12 | ||
| Intensity | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min), 958 mbar (hPa) | ||
Tropical Depression Seven formed from a tropical wave south of Cape Verde on September 7. It strengthened later that day to become Tropical Storm Fred. Early the next day, under favorable conditions, Fred strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane and was expected to intensify further. Fred rapidly intensified through the evening and into the early morning hours, becoming a Category 2 hurricane just six hours after becoming a hurricane. It continued to strengthen into a second major hurricane that morning, becoming the strongest storm ever recorded so far south and east in the Atlantic basin in the satellite era, and only the third major hurricane on record east of 35°W.[17] Fred weakened soon afterwards due to vertical wind shear, and devolved into a remnant low on September 12. [18] On September 20 Fred's remnant low nearly dissipated southwest of Bermuda. [19]
Tropical Depression Eight
| Tropical depression (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Duration | September 25 – September 26 | ||
| Intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min), 1008 mbar (hPa) | ||
Tropical Depression Eight formed from a tropical wave west of the Cape Verde Islands on September 25.[20] Tropical Depression Eight was forecast to become a tropical storm, briefly. [21] The depression moved northwest into cooler waters and degenerated into a tropical wave on September 26.[22] Other than minor squalls in Cape Verde, the depression did not affect any landmasses, and therefore did not cause any damage.
Tropical Storm Grace
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Duration | October 4 – October 6 | ||
| Intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min), 986 mbar (hPa) | ||
Tropical Storm Grace formed just northeast of the Azores on October 4 out of a previously non-tropical storm. It is the farthest-northeast-forming tropical storm in the Atlantic in the satellite era, breaking Vince's record from 2005.[23] It moved rapidly northwards, reaching peak winds of 70 mph (100 km/h) early on October 5 and was absorbed by a frontal system on October 6, while less than 100 miles from the southwestern coast of Ireland.
Tropical Storm Henri
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Duration | October 6 – October 8 | ||
| Intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min), 1005 mbar (hPa) | ||
Tropical Storm Henri formed on October 6 at 4:50 PM EST about 525 miles northeast of the Lesser Antilles. At the 11 PM EST advisory on October 7, due to Henri moving into an area of cooler water and higher shear, it weakened to a tropical depression. Henri decayed into a remnant low a day later. On October 9, the remnants of Tropical Storm Henri were absorbed by a cold front northeast of Cuba.
Hurricane Ida
| Category 2 hurricane (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Duration | November 4 – November 10 | ||
| Intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min), 976 mbar (hPa) | ||
Tropical Depression Eleven formed on November 4 in the southwestern Caribbean Sea off the coast of Costa Rica out of an area of disturbed weather. It strengthened to a tropical storm and received the name Ida that afternoon, the first usage of the name in the Atlantic basin. Early in the morning of November 5, Ida became the third hurricane of the season just before making landfall in eastern Nicaragua, near Tasbapauni. After traveling over land for several hours Ida weakened to a tropical storm late on the 5th, and weakened to a tropical depression over eastern Honduras early on November 6. Finally, late on the 6th, Ida reemerged into the northwestern Caribbean as a weak depression. Early the next morning, the NHC announced that Ida had regained tropical storm strength and later that night, they announced that it had regained minimal hurricane strength of 75 mph (120 km/h). The hurricane strengthened further to a strong Category 1 of 90 mph (150 km/h) early on November 8. Around noon that day, Ida strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane with 105 mph (165 km/h) winds. Ida weakened and made landfall as a tropical storm two days later at Bon Secour on Mobile Bay, Alabama, becoming an extratropical cyclone soon afterward.
Initial reports blaming 124 deaths in El Salvador on Hurricane Ida were quickly contradicted by the US National Hurricane Center which reported that the flooding and mudslides there were caused by a separate tropical low pressure system in the Pacific. As reported in the New York Times, "Ida had nothing to do with it."[24][25][26]
Although Ida became an extratropical storm after making two landfalls in Alabama, it went on to deluge Metro Atlanta with torrential rains, and then headed out to the Atlantic coast. There, its remnants spawned a strong "nor'easter" affecting the Carolinas, Virginia and New Jersey.[27]
Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE)
| ACE (104kt²) (Source) — Storm: | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26.5 | Bill | 6 | 1.30 | Erika | ||||||||
| 2 | 9.93 | Fred | 7 | 1.22 | Henri | ||||||||
| 3 | 7.39 | Ida | 8 | 0.858 | Ana | ||||||||
| 4 | 1.97 | Grace | 9 | 0.528 | Claudette | ||||||||
| 5 | 1.88 | Danny | |||||||||||
| Total: 51.6 | |||||||||||||
The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time as well as particularly strong hurricanes have high ACEs. ACE is only officially released for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength.
Storm names
The following names were used for named storms in the North Atlantic in 2009. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2010. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2015 season. Names that were not used are marked in gray. This is the same list used in the 2003 season with the exception of Fred, Ida, and Joaquin, which replaced Fabian, Isabel, and Juan respectively. The names Fred and Ida were used for Atlantic storms for the first time in 2009.
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Season effects
This is a table of the storms in 2009 and their landfall(s), if any. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still storm-related. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low.
| Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale | ||||||
| TD | TS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Storm Name | Active Dates | Storm category
at peak intensity |
Max
Wind (mph) |
Min.
Press. (mbar) |
ACE | Landfall(s) | Damage
(millions USD) |
Deaths | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Where | When | Wind
(mph) |
||||||||
| One | May 28 – May 29 | Tropical Depression | 35 | 1006 | 0.000 | none | none | 0 | ||
| Ana | August 11 – August 16 | Tropical Storm | 40 | 1003 | 0.858 | none | Minimal | 0 | ||
| Bill | August 15 – August 24 | Category 4 Hurricane | 135 | 943 | 26.5 | Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia (direct hit, no landfall) | August 23 | 75 | Unknown | 2 |
| Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland | August 24 | 70 | ||||||||
| Claudette | August 16 – August 18 | Tropical Storm | 50 | 1006 | 0.528 | Santa Rosa Island, Florida | August 17 | 50 | .103 | 2 |
| Danny | August 26 – August 29 | Tropical Storm | 60 | 1006 | 1.88 | none | none | 1 | ||
| Erika | September 1 – September 3 | Tropical Storm | 50 | 1004 | 1.30 | Guadeloupe | September 2 | 40 | Minimal | 0 |
| Fred | September 7 – September 12 | Category 3 Hurricane | 120 | 958 | 9.93 | none | none | 0 | ||
| Eight | September 25 – September 26 | Tropical Depression | 35 | 1008 | 0.000 | none | none | 0 | ||
| Grace | October 4 – October 6 | Tropical Storm | 65 | 986 | 1.97 | Ponta Delgada, Azores (direct hit, no landfall) | October 4 | 50 | Unknown | 0 |
| Henri | October 6 – October 8 | Tropical Storm | 50 | 1005 | 1.22 | none | none | 0 | ||
| Ida | November 4 – November 10 | Category 2 Hurricane | 105 | 976 | 7.39 | Tasbapauni, Nicaragua | November 5 | 75 | 173.65 | 10 |
| Venice, Louisiana (direct hit, no landfall) | November 9 | 65 | ||||||||
| Dauphin Island, Alabama | November 10 | 45 | ||||||||
| Near Bon Secour, Alabama | November 10 | 45 | ||||||||
| Season Aggregates | ||||||||||
| 11 cyclones | May 28 – November 10 | 135 | 943 | 51.6 | 6 landfalls | 173.75 | 15 | |||
See also
- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
- 2009 Pacific hurricane season
- 2009 Pacific typhoon season
- 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2008–09, 2009–10
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 2008–09, 2009–10
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2008–09, 2009–10
References
- ^ "Slow Atlantic Hurricane Season Comes to a Close". NOAA. http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/20091130_endhurricaneseason.html. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ^ Avila, Blake (2009-08-01). "Tropical Weather Summary". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2009/tws/MIATWSAT_jul.shtml?. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ Philip J. Klotzbach and William M. Gray (2008-12-10). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2009" (PDF). Colorado State University. Archived from the original on 2009-06-12. http://www.webcitation.org/5hT3hN5th. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ National Hurricane Center (May 22, 2008). "NOAA Atlantic Hurricane Season Classifications". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.webcitation.org/5hT3hpJ7F. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
- ^ William M. Gray (2008-04-07). "Mid-Season Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2009" (PDF). Colorado State University. http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/2009/april2009/apr2009.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
- ^ Ruane, Michael E. (2009-05-21). "Government Weather Officials Predict Average 2009 Season". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/21/AR2009052102513.html. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
- ^ "UKMO North Atlantic tropical storms seasonal forecast for 2009". http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/tropicalcyclone/northatlantic.html.
- ^ Franklin and Beven (May 28, 2009). "Tropical Depression One Discussion Number 1". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2009/al01/al012009.discus.001.shtml?. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
- ^ Kimberlain and Franklin (May 29, 2009). "Tropical Depression One Discussion Number 6". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2009/al01/al012009.discus.006.shtml?. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ Eric S. Blake (September 26, 2009). "Tropical Storm Ana Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL022009_Ana.pdf. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
- ^ Walton (2009-08-13). "Tropical weather discussion 205 AM EDT August 13 2009". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. http://www.webcitation.org/5jD3PsAZU. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
- ^ Agence France-Presse (August 22, 2009). "Bermuda placed on alert as Hurricane Bill advances". Taiwan News. http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1037943&lang=eng_news. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
- ^ Shelby Sebens (August 22, 2009). "No deaths or major damage as hurricane Bill passes". Star News. http://www.webcitation.org/5jEkPjiKO. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
- ^ Tropical Weather Outlook 800 PM EDT August 15, 2009. National Hurricane Center, Avila and Kimberlain (August 15, 2009). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
- ^ Jack Beven (2009-08-26). "Tropical Storm Danny discussion number 1". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. http://www.webcitation.org/5jfbZgnHt. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
- ^ "Body of boy missing off Outer Banks recovered". WRAL (WRAL). September 1, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. http://www.webcitation.org/5jfba6RNB. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ HURRICANE FRED DISCUSSION NUMBER 8, National Hurricane Center, 1100 AM AST WED SEP 09 2009. Accessed 2009-09-10. Archived 2009-09-12.
- ^ "Tropical Depression FRED Public Advisory". Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. http://www.webcitation.org/5jpoeFWVJ. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
- ^ Brown, Daniel (20 September 2009). "Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/gtwo/atl/200909202348/index.php?basin=atl¤t_issuance=200909202348. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- ^ "Tropical Depression EIGHT". Archived from the original on 2009-10-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5kDCzkGvX. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2009/al08/al082009.discus.002.shtml?
- ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2009/al08/al082009.public.005.shtml?
- ^ Tropical Storm Grace races northeast in Atlantic, Reuters 2009-10-05, retrieved 2009-10-05
- ^ "A Weaker Storm Devastated El Salvador". http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/world/americas/10salvador.html?_r=1.
- ^ Jeras, Jacqui; Delcid, Merlin (November 8, 2009). "Hurricane Ida moves into U.S. Gulf Coast". CNN International (Miami, Florida: Cable News Network). http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/weather/11/08/tropical.storm.ida/index.html. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8349333.stm
- ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33905909/ns/weather/
External links
- HPC rainfall page for 2009 Tropical Cyclones
- National Hurricane Center Website
- National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook
- Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product
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