30th century BC

Archaeology

Semimythical ruler Menes of Upper Egypt succeeds in uniting his kingdom with Lower Egypt. See also 3500 bce Archaeology; 2575 bce Construction.

The Babylonians learn to predict eclipses. See also 2136 bce Astronomy.

Constellations of stars, such as Leo the Lion, are recognized. See also 1600 bce Astronomy.

Cuneiform writing is developed by the Sumerians as an outgrowth of their method of recording numbers. Clay tablets being used for pictographic writing in Sumer are turned on their sides to produce a "page" that is in what modern computer users call "portrait" format instead of the horizontal "landscape" format. See also 1800 bce Communication.

Farmers settled at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands off Great Britain build stone houses with rounded corners, about 6 m (20 ft) square, with corbeled roofs completed with whalebone rafters. Because of a lack of wood on the islands, furniture is also of stone, including beds with stone slabs, stone two-shelved dressers, and built-in stone storage cupboards. The beds also feature stone posts and a canopy of leather. See also 4500 bce Construction.

The first recorded architectural work of ancient Egypt is built under the orders of Pharaoh Menes, a wall around his capital of Memphis. Originally brick coated with gypsum plaster, it is replaced in later times with stone. See also 8000 bce Construction.

In Egypt and the Middle East (Jordan), dams are built to create reservoirs. See also 2500 bce Construction.

The height of the annual flood of the Nile begins to be measured so that crop quotas can be based on the availability of water. Seeds and cattle (on loan) for plowing are provided to farmers by the pharaoh. See also 1850 bce Food & agriculture.

Cotton is cultivated and elephants are domesticated (India). See also 1800 bce Food & agriculture.

Camels are domesticated (Iran and Arabia). See also 3500 bce Food & agriculture; 2500 bce Food & agriculture.

Sanskrit sources refer to domestic cats in India. See also 18,000 bce Food & agriculture.

Plows in Mesopotamia are made with a piece of pointed timber formed into a share that cuts the soil and a sole that pushes soil aside, creating a deeper, wider furrow. See also 4000 bce Food & agriculture.

The bag press for extracting oil from olives, juice from grapes, and so forth, is invented in Egypt. Essentially, it is a fabric bag with two sticks arranged so that, as the sticks are turned in opposite directions by four people, any substance in the bag is squeezed so that the liquid part runs out. See also 1500 bce Food & agriculture

"Egyptian faïence" is found in the lower Nile valley for the first time. Probably it was imported at this time from Mesopotamia, although Egypt eventually was to develop a thriving faïence industry of its own. See also 4500 bce Materials; 2000 bce Materials.

The rich deposits of copper ore on Cyprus are discovered and from this date forward become the main source of copper for the ancient world. See also 3500 bce Materials; 2500 bce Materials.

Metallurgists in the Near East (Syria or eastern Turkey) discover shortly before this time that addition of tin ore to copper ore before smelting produces bronze, a harder and more useful metal than copper that is also easier to cast. The new metal's utility is such that the whole subsequent era is known as the Bronze Age. See also 3700 bce Materials; 2500 bce Materials.

In Mesopotamia, bitumen (asphalt) is used as an adhesive, to hold bricks together. See also 2400 bce Materials.

Sumerians use pins made from bone to hold clothes together. See also 13,000 bce Materials; 2200 bce Materials.

An early form of abacus consisting of beads strung on wires is used in the Orient. See also 1000 bce Mathematics.

Tooth filling occurs in Sumeria. See also 1000 bce Medicine & health.

Axes in Mesopotamia are made with bronze or copper heads that have a hole in them where a shaft can be inserted.

People in early civilizations begin to grind lenses of rock crystal, a practice continued by the Greeks and Romans. See also 300 bce Tools.

Ruins from this period in Mesopotamia sometimes include seashells and minerals from India and Ceylon, suggesting that trade by boat may have taken place between the people of Mesopotamia and the people of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan). See also 4500 bce Transportation; 2600 bce Transportation.

Egyptian boats are essentially papyrus rafts, although shaped with upturned ends (that is, not rectangular, like log rafts). Both Egyptian and Mesopotamian boats are propelled by either humans using paddles or the wind pushing a simple single square sail. Rowing has not been discovered. See also 3500 bce Transportation; 2500 bce Transportation.

Wheels used with vehicles are strengthened by nailing a wooden rim around the outside. See also 3500 bce Transportation; 2000 bce Transportation.

Millennium:	3rd millennium BC
Centuries:	31st century BC · 30th century BC · 29th century BC
Decades:	2990s BC 2980s BC 2970s BC 2960s BC 2950s BC 2940s BC 2930s BC 2920s BC 2910s BC 2900s BC
Categories:	Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments

The 30th century BC is a century which lasted from the year 3000 BC to 2901 BC.

Contents 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Fiction 5 Decades and years

Events

Ceremonial temple butcher knife made of flint, with the Horus name of the pharaoh Djer inscribed on its gold handle. On display at the Royal Ontario Museum

• Before 3000 BC: Image of a deity, detail from a cong recovered from Tomb 12, Fanshan, Yuyao, Zhejiang, is made. Neolithic period. Liangzhu culture. It is now kept at Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Hangzhou.
• 3000 BC – 2600 BC: Early Harappan period continues in the Indus Valley
• c. 3000 BC: Neolithic period ends
• 3000 BC: Djer, second pharaoh of united Egypt, starts to reign
• 3000 BC: Caral, the first city in the Americas, starts to be built.
• c. 3000 BC: Troy is founded
• c. 3000 BC: Stonehenge begins to be built. In its first version, it consists of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts. (National Geographic, June 2008).
• 3000 BC – 2350 BC: Scarlet Ware vase, from Tutub (modern Tell Khafajeh, Iraq) is made, it is now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad
• 3000 BC – 2000 BC: World population about 30 million.^{[citation needed]}
• c. 3000 BC: Cycladic civilization starts
• c. 3000 BC: Minoan civilization starts
• c. 3000 BC: Helladic period starts
• c. 3000 BC: The Angono Petroglyphs are carved in the Philippines.
• c. 3000 BC: Aegean Bronze Age starts.
• c. 3000 BC: Middle Jōmon period starts in Japan.
• c. 2955 BC: Djer, second pharaoh of Egypt, dies
• c. 2950 BC: first definitive use of a Nebty name by Egyptian First Dynasty pharaoh, Semerkhet.
• 2925 BC – 2776 BC: First Dynasty wars in Egypt.
• c. 2920 BC: Djet, third pharaoh of Egypt.
• 2900 BC: Beginning of the Early Dynastic Period I in Mesopotamia.

Significant persons

• Djer, Djet, Den, Anedjib, Semerkhet—Pharaohs of the First dynasty of Egypt.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• 3000 BC–2000 BC; Hieroglyphic writing in Egypt, potter's wheel in China, first pottery in the Americas (in Ecuador).
• c. 3000 BC—Sumerians establish cities.
• 3000 BC—Sumerians start to work in various metals.
• c. 3000 BC—Knowledge of Ancient Near Eastern grains appears in Ancient China.
• The shekal was introduced in Mesopotamia as a monetary and weight unit; see ancient weights and measures, Shekel.

Fiction

• ~5,000 years ago: Setting for Dawn of Empire by Sam Barone (the Eskkar Saga book 1)
• 3157 BC: Setting for Empire Rising by Sam Barone (the Eskkar Saga book 2)
• In the TV show, Stargate: SG-1, the native people of Earth successfully rebel against the Goa'uld in 2995 B.C.
• 3000 BC: A zombie outbreak in Egypt in The Zombie Survival Guide

Decades and years

v • d • e Decades and years 30th century BC 32nd century BC←31st century BC← ↔ →29th century BC→28th century BC 3009–3000 BC 3009 BC 3008 BC 3007 BC 3006 BC 3005 BC 3004 BC 3003 BC 3002 BC 3001 BC 3000 BC 2990s BC 2999 BC 2998 BC 2997 BC 2996 BC 2995 BC 2994 BC 2993 BC 2992 BC 2991 BC 2990 BC 2980s BC 2989 BC 2988 BC 2987 BC 2986 BC 2985 BC 2984 BC 2983 BC 2982 BC 2981 BC 2980 BC 2970s BC 2979 BC 2978 BC 2977 BC 2976 BC 2975 BC 2974 BC 2973 BC 2972 BC 2971 BC 2970 BC 2960s BC 2969 BC 2968 BC 2967 BC 2966 BC 2965 BC 2964 BC 2963 BC 2962 BC 2961 BC 2960 BC 2950s BC 2959 BC 2958 BC 2957 BC 2956 BC 2955 BC 2954 BC 2953 BC 2952 BC 2951 BC 2950 BC 2940s BC 2949 BC 2948 BC 2947 BC 2946 BC 2945 BC 2944 BC 2943 BC 2942 BC 2941 BC 2940 BC 2930s BC 2939 BC 2938 BC 2937 BC 2936 BC 2935 BC 2934 BC 2933 BC 2932 BC 2931 BC 2930 BC 2920s BC 2929 BC 2928 BC 2927 BC 2926 BC 2925 BC 2924 BC 2923 BC 2922 BC 2921 BC 2920 BC 2910s BC 2919 BC 2918 BC 2917 BC 2916 BC 2915 BC 2914 BC 2913 BC 2912 BC 2911 BC 2910 BC 2909–2900 BC 2909 BC 2908 BC 2907 BC 2906 BC 2905 BC 2904 BC 2903 BC 2902 BC 2901 BC 2900 BC 2890s BC 2899 BC 2898 BC 2897 BC 2896 BC 2895 BC 2894 BC 2893 BC 2892 BC 2891 BC 2890 BC

v • d • e Centuries and millennia Millennium Century BC 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 4th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th

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