391
A Dada periodical founded by Picabia in Barcelona in 1917; subsequent issues were published in New York, Lausanne, Zurich, and Paris until 1924. The name was meant to recall Stieglitz's short-lived periodical 291, to which Picabia had contributed. Although 391 was mainly literary in content, it also included visual material. Issue no. 12 (March 1920) featured Duchamp's mustachioed Mona Lisa on the cover and contained one of Picabia's best-known iconoclastic statements—a large inkblot labelled ‘La Sainte Vierge’.
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This article is about the year 391. For the number (and other uses), see 391 (number).
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 3rd century – 4th century – 5th century |
| Decades: | 360s 370s 380s – 390s – 400s 410s 420s |
| Years: | 388 389 390 – 391 – 392 393 394 |
| 391 by topic | |
| Politics | |
| State leaders – Sovereign states | |
| Birth and death categories | |
| Births – Deaths | |
| Establishment and disestablishment categories | |
| Establishments – Disestablishments | |
| Gregorian calendar | 391 CCCXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 1144 |
| Armenian calendar | N/A |
| Assyrian calendar | 5141 |
| Bahá'í calendar | -1453–-1452 |
| Bengali calendar | -202 |
| Berber calendar | 1341 |
| English Regnal year | N/A |
| Buddhist calendar | 935 |
| Burmese calendar | -247 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5899–5900 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚寅年十一月初十日 (3027/3087-11-10) — to —
辛卯年十一月十九日(3028/3088-11-19) |
| Coptic calendar | 107–108 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 383–384 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4151–4152 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 447–448 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 313–314 |
| - Kali Yuga | 3492–3493 |
| Holocene calendar | 10391 |
| Iranian calendar | 231 BP – 230 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 238 BH – 237 BH |
| Japanese calendar | |
| Julian calendar | 391 CCCXCI |
| Korean calendar | 2724 |
| Minguo calendar | 1521 before ROC 民前1521年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 934 |
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Year 391 (CCCXCI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tatianus and Symmachus (or, less frequently, year 1144 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 391 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Theodosius I establishes Christianity as the official state religion. All non-Christian temples in the Roman Empire are closed. The eternal fire in the Temple of Vesta at the Roman Forum is extinguished, and the Vestal Virgins are disbanded.
- Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, urban prefect of Rome, pleads for traditional cult practices. He petitions Theodosius I to re-open the pagan temples, but is opposed by Ambrose.
Asia
- A Rouran chief named Heduohan (曷多汗) is defeated and killed in battle against the Toba Northern Wei Dynasty. Surviving Rouran move west towards the Gaoche, led by Heduohan's son and successor, Shelun.
- King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) ascends to the throne.
By topic
Literature
- Flames destroy the great Library of Alexandria, established in the Mouseion in the fourth century BCE. Among the items lost in the fire are works of science, including parchments by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos asserting that the Earth orbits the Sun, and dozens of dramatic works by Euripides and Sophocles.
Religion
- Patriarch Theophilus destroys all pagan tempels in Alexandria under orders from Theodosius I. Christians go on an iconoclastic rampage, smashing religious symbols or monuments through the city and destroying the Temple of Serapis.
Births
Deaths
- Heduohan, chief of the Rouran tribes (killed in battle against the Northern Wei)
- Justina, Roman empress (approximate date)
- Macarius of Egypt, Christian monk and hermit
- Peter of Sebaste, bishop of Armenia
- Zhai Liao "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang), founder of the Dingling state Wei
References
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Copyrights:
Oxford Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art
A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. © 1998
Oxford University Press.
All rights reserved.
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Mentioned in
Year 373 ce
(in Science & Technology)
Year 295 ce
(in Science & Technology)
Year 646
(in Science & Technology)
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