410s

This is a list of events occurring in the 410s, ordered by year.

410

By place

Roman Empire

• Spring – Constantine III crosses the Alps into Liguria (Northern Italy), but retreats to Gaul after Gerontius revolts in Spain against his son Constans II.
• Emperor Honorius sends his Rescript (diplomatic letters) to the Romano-British magistrates, where he explains that the cities in Britain must provide for their own defence against the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons. This effectively ending Roman rule in Great Britain.
• Raiders from Ireland such as the Uí Liatháin and Laigin harries the coasts. They plunder towns and capture slaves but later colonising large areas of what is called Gwynedd, in particular Llŷn, the coasts of Arllechwedd, Arfon and the Isle of Mona (approximate date).
• Flavius Constantius, Roman general and politician, is promoted to the rank of magister militum. He becomes the imperial adviser of Honorius, and the power behind the throne in the Western Roman Empire.
• The Eastern Roman Empire send six legions (6,000 men) to aid Honorius at Ravenna. He negotiates with king Alaric I, who ceremonially deposes Priscus Attalus as co-emperor.
• August 24 – The Visigoths under Alaric I sack Rome after a third siege. Slaves open the Salarian Gate and Goths loot the city for three days. It is the first time since 390 BC that Rome has fallen to an enemy. This marks the decline of the Roman Empire.
• Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I, is captured by the Visigoths and becomes an hostage during their move from the Italian Peninsula to Gaul.
• Alaric I marches southwards into Calabria and makes plans to invade Africa. But a storm destroyed his Gothic fleet and many of his soldiers drowned. Alaric dies in Cosenza, probably of fever, and his body is buried along with his treasure under the riverbed of the Busento. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who become king of the Visigoths.

Europe

• The city of Aléria on the island of Corsica is devastated by a huge fire, destroying its port and most of its inhabitants.

Asia

• Prithivisena becomes king of the Vakataka in the Deccan (India).

By topic

Religion

• Council of Seleucia: Persian Christians create a national church and adopt the Nicene Creed.
• Honoratus founded on the île Saint-Honorat (France) the Monastery of Lérins and formed a monastic community.

411

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Honorius sends two Roman generals to deal with the usurper Constantine III in Gaul. They kill Gerontius, Constantine's rebellious general (magister militum) in Spain, then besiege Arles and defeat Constantine. He is taken prisoner and put to death at Ravenna.
• Following the defeat of the Constantine III, the Burgundians and the Gallic nobility proclaim Jovinus, Gallo-Roman senator, emperor of the Western Roman Empire at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz).

Europe

• King Ataulf leads the Goths into Gaul at the instigation of Honorius who promises to recognise a Visigothic Kingdom if he defeats the several usurpers who threaten the Roman Empire.
• The Alans establish their rule in the Roman province of Lusitania (Portugal south of the Duero River and Spain).
• The Teutonic tribes in Spain join the Roman Empire as foederati (allies with military commitments).

Asia

• Ingyo succeeds his brother Hanzei, and becomes the 19th emperor of Japan.

By topic

Religion

• Rabbula becomes bishop of Edessa.
• The Conference of Carthage on donatism.

412

By place

Roman Empire

• The Visigoths, led by king Ataulf, move into the south of Gaul. He established his residence at Narbonne and makes an alliance with emperor Honorius against the usurper Jovinus.
• Emperor Jovinus elevates his brother Sebastianus as co-emperor (Augustus) and takes control of Gaul.
• Heraclianus, governor (Comes Africae), revolts against Honorius and proclaimed himself Augustus. He interrupts the grain supply to Rome. Honorius condems him and his supporters to death with an edict at Ravenna.
• The Theodosian Walls are constructed at Constantinople during the reign of emperor Theodosius II. The work is carried out under supervision of Anthemius, notable praetorian prefect of the East.
• Winter – Olympiodorus, historical writer, is sent on an embassy by Honorius and sails in stormy weather around Greece up the Black Sea to meet the Huns who are located on the middle Danube (modern Bulgaria).^[1]

Balkans

• The forts on the west bank of the Danube, which were destroyed by the Huns, are rebuilt, and a new Danubian fleet is launched.

By topic

Religion

• An edict of Honorius outlaws Donatism.
• Cyril of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.
• Lazarus, bishop of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arles, are expelled from their sees on a charge of Manichaeism.
• Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, spends 2 years in Ceylon and is more than 200 days at sea as storms drive his ship off its course, but returns with sacred Buddhist texts back to China (see 414).

413

By place

Roman Empire

• Heraclianus, Roman usurper, lands in Italy with a large army to fight emperor Honorius. He is defeated in Umbria and flees to Carthage, where he is put to death by envoys of Honorius.
• May 8 – Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, who are plundered by the Visigoths.
• The Visigoths, led by king Ataulf, conquer the towns of Toulouse and Bordeaux by force of arms. After a successful siege of Valence, he captures the usurper Jovinus and his brother Sebastianus. In Narbonne they are executed and their heads are sent to Honorius' court at Ravenna.

Asia

• Kumaragupta I succeeds his father Chandragupta II as emperor of the Gupta Empire (India).

By topic

Religion

• Augustine of Hippo, age 59, begins to writes his spiritual book De Civitate Dei (City of God) as a reply to the charge that Christianity was responsible for the decline of the Roman Empire.

414

By place

Roman Empire

• January 1 – Galla Placidia, half-sister of emperor Honorius, is married to the Visigothic king Ataulf at Narbonne. The wedding is celebrated with Roman festivities and magnificent gifts from the Gothic booty.
• July 4 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria who reigns as regent and proclaimed herself empress (Augusta) of the Eastern Roman Empire.
• Constantius III, Roman general (magister militum), begins a military campaign against the Visigoths in Gaul. He blockades the Gallic ports and besieges Marseille.
• Priscus Attalus is twice proclaimed rival emperor by the Visigoths at Bordeaux, in order to impose their terms on Honorius who has his residence in Ravenna.

Asia

• The Southern Liang, a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty, comes to an end.

By topic

Religion

• Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns from India and begins translating Buddhist works into Chinese.
• Abdas, bishop of Susa, burns down a Zoroastrian temple; in retaliation, king Yazdegerd I of Persia orders the destruction of Christian churches.

415

By place

Roman Empire

• Constantius, Roman general (magister militum), drives the Visigoths out of Gaul. He captures the usurper Priscus Attalus and sends him under military escort to Ravenna.
• The Visigoths invade the Iberian Peninsula and begin to conquer territory taken previously by the Vandals. King Ataulf and his pregnant wife Galla Placidia leave Gallia Narbonensis, they relocate at Barcelona. Their infant son, Theodosius, dies in infancy, eliminating an opportunity for a Roman-Visigothic line. Ataulf is assassinated in the palace while taking a bath. Sigeric succeeds him, but after a reign for seven days he is also murdered.
• Autumn – Wallia, brother of Ataulf, becomes king of the Visigoths. He accepts a peace treaty with emperor Honorius, in return for a supply of 600,000 measures of grain. After the negotiations he sends Placidia to Rome with hostages.

Asia

• March 18 – The Daysan River floods Edessa (Mesopotamia).

By topic

Religion

• Hypatia of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher, is murdered by a Christian mob of Nitrian monks who accused her of paganism. They stripped her naked, skinned her to death with ostraca (pot shards), and then burned her remains.
• Having driven out the Jews, Alexandria's new patriarch, Cyril, has instigated the mob after taking offense at Hypatia's scientific rationalism.
• John Cassian, Christian theologian, settled at a monastery in Marseille (Gaul), he organized monastic communities after a eastern model (approximate date).
• The Eustathian schism in Antioch is healed.

416

By place

Roman Empire

• Priscus Attalus, Roman usurper, is forced to participate in a triumph celebrated by emperor Honorius in the streets of Rome. After the festivities he is exiled to the Lipari Islands (north of Sicily).

Europe

• The Visigoths continue their invasion of Hispania and take control of Tarraconensis. King Wallia occupies the gold mines at Las Médulas, and forced Jewish citizens to convert to Christianity.

Asia

• Reports of the eruption of Krakatoa are recorded in the Javanese Book of Kings.

By topic

Arts and Sciences

• Rutilius Claudius Namatianus begins his journey home from Rome to Gaul. This becomes the subject of his unfinished poem, De Reditu Suo.

417

By place

Roman Empire

• January 1 – Emperor Honorius forces his half-sister Galla Placidia into marriage to Constantius, his general (magister militum). He is appointed patricius and becomes a prominent member of the House of Theodosius.
• The Visigoths are granted Aquitaine, and become allies (foederati) of the Western Roman Empire. King Wallia establishes his capital at Toulouse.

By topic

Religion

• January – Pope Innocent I condems Pelagianism, and excommunicates the ascetic Pelagius.
• March 12 – Innocent I dies after a 16-year reign in which he has restored relations between the sees of Rome and Antioch, enforced celibacy of the clergy, and maintained the right of the bishop of Rome to judge appeals from other churches. Innocent is succeeded by Zosimus as the 41st pope.

418

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Honorius bribes Wallia, king of the Visigoths, into regaining Hispania for the Roman Empire. His victory over the Vandals in 416, forces him to retire to Andalusia. The Visigothic territory in Gaul now extends from the Garonne to the Loire, and becomes known as the Visigothic Kingdom.
• Theodoric I becomes king of the Visigoths. He complete the settlements in Gallia Aquitania and expands his military power to the south.

By topic

Religion

• December 28 – Pope Boniface I succeeds Zosimus as the 42nd pope.
• Eulalius is elected antipope of Rome. He claims in a letter to Honorius his recognition as pope.

419

By place

China

• Jin Gongdi, age 33, succeeds his developmentally disabled brother Jin Andi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Andi is strangled by orders of the warlord Liu Yu.

Significant people

Births

Deaths

References