42 BC

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Year 42 BC was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Rome

• January—Publius Vatinius, governor of Illyricum, seized Dyrrachium and is forced to surrender his army (three legions) to Marcus Junius Brutus.
• Marcus Brutus begins to plunder the cities of Asia Minor, in order to obtain money and soldiers. The inhabitants of Lycia refused to submit to Rome, and Brutus besieged Xanthus. After destroying their suburbs, the Xanthians withdrew into the heavily fortified city. The Roman legionaries (2,000 men) forced the gate and fight their way into the forum. The citizens made an heroic stand by the tempel of Sarpedon, as night falls the Roman army conquers the city. The Xanthians preferred to perish in the flames rather then to yield.
• The confederation of Lycia sent ambassadors to Brutus, promising to form a militairy league and contribute money for building ships. Gaius Cassius Longinus occupies Rhodes, and ordered all the other cities of Asia to pay a tribute for 10 year.
• July—Mark Antony lands with a army (28 legions) in Illyria, left Octavian ill at Dyrrachium and marched to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus blokkades with the Republican fleet (130 ships) the Adriatic Sea.
• August—Decidius Saxa and Gaius Norbanus Flaccus are appointed by Antony, to lead a advanced force of eight legions to Macedonia along the Via Egnatia into Thrace.
• September—Brutus and Cassius crossed the Hellespont, they marched to Doriscus but further progress is blocked by Saxa's occupation of the Corpili Pass.
• Saxa retreats to link up with Norbanus at the Sapaei Pass. The Republicans outflank the enemy by forging an alternate route through the mountains in the north.
• Brutus and Cassius advance to Philippi and built fortifications. Antony links up with Norbanus and Saxa at Amphipolis, Octavian arrives on a litter 10 days later.
• October 3—First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. The Roman forces including 2,000 Spartans who just arrived are routed, Octavian takes refuge in the marsh. Cassius' camp is captured by Antony's men, wrongly fearing that Brutus is dead Cassius commits suicide. He ordered his freedman Pindarus to kill him, Brutus feared the impact on morale and secretly burried his beheaded body on Thasos. The Republican navy in the Adriatic, intercept and destroy the supply ships with two legions of the Triumvirs.
• October 23—Second Battle of Philippi: Brutus' army is defeated by Antony and Octavian, the Triumvirs smash through the weakened Republican centre and take Brutus's right wing in its flank. After the battle 14.000 legionaries lay down their arms. Brutus fled to the heights of Philippi, where he commits suicide the following day. The Republican cause crushed, Rome rested in the hands of the Second Triumvirate.
• Gaius Octavian returns to Rome and arranged for ± 40.000 veterans settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria and in northern Italy.

Births

• November 16—Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. AD 37)

Deaths

• October 3—Gaius Cassius Longinus, assassin of Julius Caesar (suicide) (b. bef. 85 BC)
• October 23—Marcus Junius Brutus, protege and assassin of Julius Caesar (suicide) (b. 85 BC)
• Marcus Livius Drusus, Roman nobleman and supportor of Brutus (suicide)
• After October 23—Porcia Catonis, wife of Brutus (suicide) (approximate date) (b. c. 70 BC)
• Gaius Antonius, brother of Mark Antony