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4th New Zealand Parliament

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The 4th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand.

Elections for this term were held in 61 electorates between 12 February and 6 April 1866 to elect 70 MPs. Parliament was prorogued in late 1870. During the term of this Parliament, two Ministries were in power. During this term, four Māori electorates were first established in 1867, and the first elections held in 1868.

Contents

Sessions

The 4th Parliament opened on 30 June 1866,[1] following the 1866 general election. It sat for five sessions, and was prorogued on 6 December 1875.[2]

Session Opened Adjouned
first 30 June 1866 8 October 1866
second 9 July 1867 10 October 1867
third 9 July 1868 20 October 1868
fourth 1 June 1869 3 September 1869
fifth 14 June 1870 13 September 1870

Historical context

Political parties had not been established yet; this only happened after the 1890 election. Anyone attempting to form an administration thus had to win support directly from individual MPs. This made first forming, and then retaining a government difficult and challenging.[3]

The 4th Parliament sat during the time of the New Zealand land wars, with the Second Taranaki War proceeding at the beginning of this Parliament's term. The Central Otago Gold Rush was coming to an end, but the West Coast Gold Rush had only just begun.

The capital had moved from Auckland to Wellington in 1865. Parliament was meeting in the Provincial Council buildings. With the increase in the number of Members of Parliament to 70, conditions became very crowded.[1] The original building "grew like topsy" until the end of the 19th century, and was consumed by fire on 11 December 1907.[4]

In 1868, the first elections were held in the four Māori electorates that were created in the previous year.[5]

Ministries

A few months before the 1866 general elections, Edward Stafford became Premier for the second time. On 16 October 1865, the second Stafford Ministry was formed. This lasted well into the term of the 4th Parliament on 28 June 1869.[6][7]

The premiership changed back to William Fox. The third Fox Ministry was in place from 28 June 1869 to 10 September 1872, well into the term of the 5th Parliament.[6][8]

Electorates

61 electorates were used for the 1866 elections. This was a significant increase from the 43 electorates used in the previous (1860–61) election, and resulted from the Representation Act 1865. The bill had its third reading[9] and was assented in October 1865.[10]

Initial composition of the 4th Parliament

70 seats were created across the 61 electorates.[11] The City of Wellington electorate was the only three-member electorate, and seven electorates were represented by two members. The remaining 53 electorates were represented by a single member.[12]

Member Electorate Province MP's term Election date
Armstrong, GeorgeGeorge Armstrong Akaroa Canterbury &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-21 21 February[13]
Walker, LancelotLancelot Walker Ashley Canterbury &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-02 2 March[14]
Clark, ArchibaldArchibald Clark Auckland East Auckland &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-02-12 12 February[15]
Williamson, JamesJames Williamson Auckland West Auckland &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-02-13 13 February[16]
Williamson, JohnJohn Williamson Auckland West Auckland &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-13 13 February[16]
Ward, CrosbieCrosbie Ward Avon Canterbury &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-20 20 February[17]
Carleton, HughHugh Carleton Bay of Islands Auckland &10000000000000004000000Fourth 02012-03-05 5 March[18]
Cargill, JohnJohn Cargill Bruce Otago &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-03-07 7 March[18]
Burns, ArthurArthur Burns Caversham Otago &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-16 16 March[19]
Monro, DavidDavid Monro[12] Cheviot Canterbury &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-19 19 February[20]
FitzGerald, JamesJames FitzGerald City of Christchurch Canterbury &10000000000000004000000Fourth 02012-02-12 12 February[21]
Ormond, JohnJohn Ormond Clive Hawke's Bay &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-17 17 March[22]
Macandrew, JamesJames Macandrew Clutha Otago &10000000000000004000000Fourth 02012-03-09 9 March[23]
Cracroft Wilson, JohnJohn Cracroft Wilson Coleridge Canterbury &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-01-31 31 January[16]
Richmond, AndrewAndrew Richmond Collingwood Nelson &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-09 9 March[24]
Reynolds, WilliamWilliam Reynolds DunedinCity of Dunedin Otago &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-09 9 March[25]
Paterson, JamesJames Paterson DunedinCity of Dunedin Otago &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-09 9 March[26]
Haultain, TheodoreTheodore Haultain Franklin Auckland &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-22 22 February[27]
Graham, RobertRobert Graham Franklin Auckland &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-02-22 22 February[28]
Jollie, FrancisFrancis Jollie Gladstone Canterbury &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-02-23 23 February[29]
O'Neill, CharlesCharles O'Neill Goldfields Otago &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-26 26 February[22]
Vogel, JuliusJulius Vogel Goldfields Otago &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-02-26 26 February[14]
Bradshaw, JamesJames Bradshaw Gold Field Towns Otago &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-16 16 March[30]
Richmond, JamesJames Richmond Grey and Bell Taranaki &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-02 2 March[24]
Haughton, CharlesCharles Haughton Hampden Otago &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-05 5 March[27]
Hall, JohnJohn Hall Heathcote Canterbury &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-01 1 March[31]
Fitzherbert, WilliamWilliam Fitzherbert Hutt Wellington &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-28 28 February[21]
Ludlam, AlfredAlfred Ludlam Hutt Wellington &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-28 28 February[32]
Wood, WilliamWilliam Wood Invercargill Southland &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-09 9 March[33]
Beswick, JosephJoseph Beswick Kaiapoi Canterbury &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-16 16 February[30]
Hargreaves, EdwardEdward Hargreaves LytteltonTown of Lyttelton Canterbury &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-03 3 March[27]
Baldwin, WilliamWilliam Baldwin Manuherikia Otago &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-17 17 March[34]
Hull, FrancisFrancis Hull Marsden Auckland &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-05 5 March[35]
Bell, DillonDillon Bell Mataura Southland &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-03-10 10 March[36]
Ball, ThomasThomas Ball Mongonui Auckland &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-20 20 March[34]
Parker, CharlesCharles Parker Motueka Nelson &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-02 2 March[26]
Moorhouse, William SeftonWilliam Sefton Moorhousea Mount Herbert Canterbury &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-22 22 February[20]
McLean, DonaldDonald McLean Napier Hawke's Bay &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-20 20 March[37][38]
Curtis, OswaldOswald Curtis NelsonCity of Nelson Nelson &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-20 20 February[39]
Stafford, EdwardEdward Stafford NelsonCity of Nelson Nelson &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-20 20 February[40][13]
Wells, WilliamWilliam Wells NelsonSuburbs of Nelson Nelson &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-15 15 February[41]
Richardson, John Larkins CheeseJohn Larkins Cheese Richardson New Plymouth Taranaki &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-16 16 March[25]
Graham, GeorgeGeorge Graham[42] Newton Auckland &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-02-15 15 February[28]
O'Neill, JamesJames O'Neill Northern Division Auckland &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-14 14 February[22]
Henderson, ThomasThomas Henderson Northern Division Auckland &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-02-14 14 February[43]
Campbell, RobertRobert Campbell Oamaru Otago &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-23 23 March[18]
Atkinson, ArthurArthur Atkinson[44] Omata Taranaki &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-09 9 March[45]
O'Rorke, MauriceMaurice O'Rorke OnehungaTown of Onehunga Auckland &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-02-20 20 February[22]
Whitaker, FrederickFrederick Whitaker Parnell Auckland &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-16 16 February[41]
de Quincey, PaulPaul de Quincey Pensioner Settlements Auckland &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-15 15 February[46]
Beauchamp, ArthurArthur Beauchamp[47] Picton Marlborough &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-14 14 March[36]
Brandon, AlfredAlfred Brandon Porirua Wellington &10000000000000003000000Third 02012-03-05 5 March[48]
Dick, ThomasThomas Dick Port Chalmers Otago &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-17 17 March[46]
Newman, JosephJoseph Newman Raglan Auckland &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-23 23 February[49]
Watt, WilliamWilliam Watt Rangitiki Wellington &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-08 8 March[17]
Hankinson, DonaldDonald Hankinson[50] Riverton Southland &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-26 26 February[31]
Hepburn, GeorgeGeorge Hepburn Roslyn Otago &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-22 22 March[43]
Stevens, EdwardEdward Stevens Selwyn Canterbury &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-26 26 February[40]
Reid, DonaldDonald Reid Taieri Otago &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-07 7 March[51]
Cox, AlfredAlfred Cox Timaru Canterbury &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-02-20 20 February[39]
Murison, WilliamWilliam Murison Waikouaiti Otago &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-28 28 February[52]
Oliver, ArthurArthur Oliver Waimea Marlborough &10000000000000001000000First 02012-02-23 23 February[22][13]
Bunny, HenryHenry Bunny Wairarapa Wellington &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-03 3 March[19]
Eyes, WilliamWilliam Eyes Wairau Marlborough &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-02-23 23 February[53]
McNeil, AlexanderAlexander McNeil Wallace Otago &10000000000000001000000First 02012-04-06 6 April[37]
Bryce, JohnJohn Bryce Wanganui Wellington &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-03 3 March[48]
Taylor, WilliamWilliam Taylor WellingtonCity of Wellington Wellington &10000000000000002000000Second 02012-03-01 1 March[54]
Featherston, IsaacIsaac Featherston WellingtonCity of Wellington Wellington &10000000000000004000000Fourth 02012-03-01 1 March[53]
Borlase, CharlesCharles Borlase WellingtonCity of Wellington Wellington &10000000000000001000000First 02012-03-01 1 March[30]
Moorhouse, William SeftonWilliam Sefton Moorhousea Westland Canterbury &10000000000000004000000Fourth 02012-03-16 16 March[20]

a Moorhouse was elected in both the Mount Herbert and Westland electorates. He chose to represent Westland.

Changes during term

There were numerous changes during the term of the 4th Parliament.

By-election Electorate Date Incumbent Reason Winner
1866 Mount Herbert 27 July William Moorhouse Chose to represent Westland Thomas Potts
1866 Port Chalmers 15 December Thomas Dick Resignation Thomas Dick
1867 City of Dunedin 19 January William Reynolds Resignation William Reynolds
1867 City of Christchurch 13 February James FitzGerald Resignation William Travers
1867 Avon 11 March Crosbie Ward Resignation William Reeves
1867 Manuherikia 27 April William Baldwin Resignation David Mervyn
1867 Wanganui 27 April John Bryce Resignation Henry Harrison
1867 Town of New Plymouth 29 April John Richardson Resignation Harry Atkinson
1867 City of Auckland West 24 May James Williamson Resignation Patrick Dignan
1867 Raglan 4 June Joseph Newman Resignation James Farmer
1867 Parnell 5 June Frederick Whitaker Resignation Charles Heaphy
1867 Port Chalmers 15 June Thomas Dick Resignation David Main
1867 Waimea 28 June Arthur Oliver Resignation Edward Baigent
1867 Lyttelton 1 July Edward Hargreaves Resignation George Macfarlan
1867 Kaiapoi 5 July Joseph Beswick Resignation John Studholme
1867 Picton 25 July Arthur Beauchamp Resignation William Adams
1867 Pensioner Settlements 5 August Paul de Quincey Resignation John Kerr
1867 Ashley 7 August Lancelot Walker Resignation Henry Tancred
1868 Collingwood 18 March Andrew Richmond Resignation Arthur Collins

Supplementary election, 1868
Westland North 9 April 1868[55] Timothy Gallagher
Westland South 6 April 1868[34] Edmund Barff

First Māori elections
Eastern Maori 15 April 1868[20] Tareha Te Moananui
Northern Maori 15 April 1868[56] Frederick Russell
Southern Maori 20 June 1868[57] John Patterson
Western Maori 1 May 1868[26] Mete Paetahi
By-election Electorate Date Incumbent Reason Winner

4th Parliament (continued)
1868 Avon 8 June William Reeves Resignation William Rolleston
1868 Picton 11 June William Adams Resignation Courtney Kenny
1868 Rangitiki 22 June William Watt Resignation William Fox
1868 Franklin 2 July Robert Graham Resignation William Swan
1868 Waikouaiti 27 July William Murison Resignation Robert Mitchell
1868 Lyttelton[58] 2 November George Macfarlan Death John Peacock
1868 Timaru 20 November Alfred Cox Resignation Edward Stafford
1868 City of Nelson 24 December Edward Stafford Resignation Nathaniel Edwards
1869 Marsden 25 January[52] Francis Hull Resignation John Munro
1869 Roslyn 12 February George Hepburn Resignation Henry Driver
1869 City of Dunedin 5 March James Paterson Resignation Thomas Birch
1869 Newton 19 March George Graham Resignation Robert Creighton
1869 Waikouaiti 27 April Robert Mitchell Resignation Francis Rich
1869 Town of New Plymouth 28 April Harry Atkinson Resignation Thomas Kelly
1869 (1st) Wallace 30 April Alexander McNeil Resignation Cuthbert Cowan
1869 Oamaru 25 May Robert Campbell Resignation Charles Graham
1869 Taieri 19 June Donald Reid Resignation Henry Howorth
1869 (2nd) Wallace 17 September Cuthbert Cowan Resignation George Webster
1870 Bruce 21 March John Cargill Resignation James Brown
1870 Mongonui 30 March Thomas Ball Resignation Thomas Gillies
1870 Caversham 25 April Arthur John Burns Resignation James McIndoe
1870 Parnell 12 May Charles Heaphy Resignation Reader Wood
1870 Riverton 18 May Donald Hankinson Resignation Lachlan McGillivray
1870 City of Christchurch 12 August William Travers Resignation William Moorhouse

Existing electorates

Ashley

Walker resigned in 1867. Henry Tancred won the subsequent 1867 by-election.

Auckland West

James Williamson resigned in 1867. He was succeeded by Patrick Dignan.

Avon

Ward resigned in 1867. He was succeeded by William Reeves, who himself resigned in 1868. William Rolleston won the subsequent 1868 by-election.

Bruce

Cargill resigned in 1870 and was succeeded by James Clark Brown.

Caversham

Burns resigned in 1870 and was succeeded by James McIndoe.

City of Christchurch

FitzGerald resigned in 1867 and was succeeded by William Travers, who himself resigned in 1870. William Sefton Moorhouse took the seat for the remaining months in 1870.

City of Dunedin

Paterson resigned in 1869 and was succeeded by Thomas Birch.

City of Nelson

Stafford resigned in 1868 and was succeeded by Nathaniel Edwards.

Collingwood

Richmond resigned in 1868 and was succeeded by Arthur Shuckburgh Collins.

Kaiapoi

Beswick resigned in 1867. He was succeeded by John Studholme.

Manuherikia

Baldwin resigned in 1867. He was succeeded by David Mervyn.

Marsden

Hull resigned in 1868. He was succeeded by John Munro.

Mongonui

Ball resigned in 1870. He was succeeded by Thomas Gillies on 30 March 1870.

Mount Herbert

Moorhouse was elected in the Mount Herbert electorate on 22 February 1866.[20][59] He also stood in the Westland electorate and was returned 16 March 1866.[20][60] He chose to represent Westland.[61] A by-election was held on 27 July 1866 and Thomas Henry Potts was returned unopposed.[62][63]

New Plymouth

Richardson resigned in 1867 and was succeeded by Harry Atkinson, who himself resigned in 1869. Thomas Kelly won the 1869 by-election.

Newton

Graham resigned in 1869 and was succeeded by Robert James Creighton.

Northern Division

Henderson resigned in 1867. The 6 July 1867 by-election was won by Thomas Macfarlane.[64]

O'Neill resigned in 1869 and was succeeded by Henry Warner Farnall.

Oamaru

Campbell resigned in 1869 and was succeeded by Charles Christie Graham.

Omata

Atkinson resigned in 1867 and was succeeded in 1868 by Charles Brown, who himself resigned in 1870. Frederic Alonzo Carrington was the successful candidate in the 1870 by-election.

Parnell

Whitaker resigned in 1867 and was succeeded by Charles Heaphy.

Pensioner Settlements

De Quincey resigned in 1867. The 5 August 1867 by-election was won by John Kerr. A second person, a Mr Jackson, was nominated, but the returning officer would not accept the nomination, as Jackson was not on the electoral roll. Thus, Kerr was declared elected unopposed.[65]

Picton

Beauchamp resigned in 1867. He was succeeded by William Adams, who himself resigned in 1868. Courtenay Kenny won the 1868 by-election.

Port Chalmers

Dick, who was elected on 17 March 1866, resigned on 15 October 1866. He successfully contested the 15 December 1866 by-election, but resigned again on 26 April 1867.[46] David Forsyth Main successfully contested the 1867 by-election.

Raglan

Newman resigned in 1867. He was succeeded by James Farmer.

Rangitīkei

Watt resigned in 1868. He was succeeded by William Fox, who won the 1868 by-election.

Roslyn

Hepburn resigned in 1868. He was succeeded by Henry Driver.

Taieri

Reid resigned in 1869. He was succeeded by Henry Howorth.

Timaru

Cox resigned in 1868. He was succeeded by Edward Stafford.

Town of Lyttelton

Hargreaves resigned in 1867.[27] He was succeeded by George Macfarlan, who won the 1867 by-election. Macfarlan died on 9 October 1868[66] and was succeeded by John Thomas Peacock in a 2 November 1868 by-election.[57]

Waikouaiti

Murison resigned in 1868 and was succeeded by Robert Mitchell. Mitchell himself resigned in the following year and was replaced by Francis Rich.

Waimea

Oliver resigned in 1867. He was succeeded by Edward Baigent.

Wallace

McNeil resigned in 1869 and was succeeded by Cuthbert Cowan. Cowan himself resigned in the same year he got elected and was replaced by George Webster.

Westland

The Westland Representation Act 1867 introduced changes to the Waimea and Westland electorates. Their areas were reassigned and four electorates formed. Waimea lost some area, but continued to exist. Westland was abolished in 1867. A new electorate (Westland Boroughs) was established, and Moorhouse was transferred to it. Other new electorates, for which by-elections were to be held, were Westland North and Westland South.[67][20]

New electorate

Westland Boroughs

Westland Boroughs was established established through the Westland Representation Act 1867, and Moorhouse transferred to it. He resigned in 1868, and William Henry Harrison won the resulting 1868 by-election.[20][27]

Westland North

Westland North was established through the Westland Representation Act 1867. Timothy Gallagher was its first representative, elected in the 9 April 1868 by-election. He resigned on 13 May 1870 and was succeeded by Thomas Kynnersley following a 2 July 1870 by-election.[55][68]

Westland South

Westland South was established through the Westland Representation Act 1867. Edmund Barff was its representative, elected in the 6 April 1868 by-election.[34]

Māori electorates

The first elections for the new Māori electorates were held in 1868.

Eastern Maori

Tareha te Moananui was the first representative for the Eastern Maori electorate.

Northern Maori

Frederick Nene Russell was the first representative for the Northern Maori electorate.

Southern Maori

John Patterson was the first representative for the Southern Maori electorate.

Western Maori

Mete Paetahi was the first representative for the Western Maori electorate.

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Opening of the NEW ZEALAND PARLIAMENT". Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle: p. 3. Volume XXV, Issue 83, 7 July 1866. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NENZC18660707.2.13. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
  2. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 68.
  3. ^ King 2003, p. ?.
  4. ^ "History Buildings and grounds". New Zealand Parliament. http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/AboutParl/HstBldgs/History/Change/e/f/3/ef39f0ae5b1c4556996f2930718cb0ff.htm. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 
  5. ^ "Parliament timeline". New Zealand Parliament. http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/AboutParl/HstBldgs/History/Resources/3/6/e/36e40376aa2842e6bcce0a4557ebf2bc.htm. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
  6. ^ a b King 2003, p. 533.
  7. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 33.
  8. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 34.
  9. ^ "The Representation Bill". North Otago Times: p. 3. Volume V, Issue 89, 2 November 1865. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NOT18651102.2.12. Retrieved 30 July 2010. 
  10. ^ "Digest of General Assembly Laws". Daily Southern Cross: p. 5. Volume XXI, Issue 2604, 22 November 1865. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DSC18651122.2.21. Retrieved 30 July 2010. 
  11. ^ "General elections 1853–2005 – dates & turnout". Elections New Zealand. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. http://www.elections.org.nz/elections/resultsdata/elections-dates-turnout.html. Retrieved 6 June 2010. 
  12. ^ a b "The New Parliament". Otago Witness: p. 14. Issue 751, 21 April 1866. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=OW18660421.2.51. Retrieved 21 July 2010. 
  13. ^ a b c "Election Intelligence". Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, Volume XXV, Issue 24. 22 February 1866. p. 2. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NENZC18660222.2.6. Retrieved 26 August 2011. 
  14. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 145.
  15. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 100.
  16. ^ a b c Scholefield 1950, p. 148.
  17. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 146.
  18. ^ a b c Scholefield 1950, p. 99.
  19. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 98.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Scholefield 1950, p. 127.
  21. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 106.
  22. ^ a b c d e Scholefield 1950, p. 130.
  23. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 121.
  24. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 136.
  25. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 135.
  26. ^ a b c Scholefield 1950, p. 131.
  27. ^ a b c d e Scholefield 1950, p. 112.
  28. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 109.
  29. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 117.
  30. ^ a b c Scholefield 1950, p. 96.
  31. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 111.
  32. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 120.
  33. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 149.
  34. ^ a b c d Scholefield 1950, p. 94.
  35. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 115.
  36. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 95.
  37. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 124.
  38. ^ "The Napier election". Otago Witness: p. 5. Issue 749, 7 April 1866. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=OW18660407.2.17. Retrieved 20 July 2010. 
  39. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 102.
  40. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 140.
  41. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 147.
  42. ^ "Mr. George Graham - NZETC". Cyclopedia Company Limited. New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. 1902. p. 104. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc02Cycl-t1-body1-d1-d10-d18.html. 
  43. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 113.
  44. ^ Cyclopedia Company Limited 1908, p. 46.
  45. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 93.
  46. ^ a b c Scholefield 1950, p. 103.
  47. ^ Cyclopedia Company Limited 1906, p. 311.
  48. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 97.
  49. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 129.
  50. ^ Cyclopedia Company Limited 1903, p. 790.
  51. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 134.
  52. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 128.
  53. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 105.
  54. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 143.
  55. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 108.
  56. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 137.
  57. ^ a b Scholefield 1950, p. 132.
  58. ^ "ELECTION OF A MEMBER FOR LYTTELTON.". The Star. Issue 148, 2 November 1868. p. 2. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=TS18681102.2.10. Retrieved 14 April 2010. 
  59. ^ "Election Intelligence". Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle: p. 3. Volume XXV, Issue 26, 1 March 1866. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NENZC18660301.2.8. Retrieved 24 July 2010. 
  60. ^ "Representation of Westland". West Coast Times: p. 3. Issue 158, 21 March 1866. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WCT18660321.2.7. Retrieved 24 July 2010. 
  61. ^ Wilson 1985, p. 267.
  62. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 133.
  63. ^ "News of the Day". Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle: p. 2. Volume XXV, Issue 97, 7 August 1866. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NENZC18660807.2.7. Retrieved 24 July 2010. 
  64. ^ "Northern Division Election". Daily Southern Cross: p. 4. Volume XXIII, Issue 3112, 8 July 1867. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DSC18670708.2.26. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 
  65. ^ "PENSIONER SETTLEMENTS ELECTION. RETURN OF MR. KERR.". Daily Southern Cross: p. 3. Volume XXIII, Issue 3135, 6 August 1867. http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DSC18670806.2.18. Retrieved 3 July 2010. 
  66. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 122.
  67. ^ "Westland Representation Act 1867 (31 Victoriae 1867 No 48)". Parliamentary Counsel Office. http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/wra186731v1867n48396/. Retrieved 24 December 2010. 
  68. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 119.

References


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