New Mexico
American Heritage Dictionary:
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New Mexico
A state of the southwest United States on the Mexican border. It was admitted as the 47th state in 1912. Site of prehistoric cultures that long preceded the Pueblo civilization encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, the region was governed as a province of Mexico after 1821 and ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The original territory (established 1850) included Arizona and part of Colorado and was enlarged by the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Sante Fe is the capital and Albuquerque the largest city. Population: 1,970,000.
New Mexican New Mexican adj.
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:
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New Mexico
(click to enlarge)
Soap-tree yucca (Yucca elata) growing in the gypsum sand of White Sands National (credit: Tom Algire)
Soap-tree yucca (Yucca elata) growing in the gypsum sand of White Sands National (credit: Tom Algire)
For more information on New Mexico, visit Britannica.com.
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New Mexico State Information
Phone: 505-476-2200
Website: www.state.nm.us
Area (sq mi): 121,589.48 (Land: 121,355.53 Water: 233.96). Pop per sq mi: 15.9.
Pop 2005: 1,928,384. Pop changes: 2000-2005: +6%; 1990-2000: +20.1%. Pop 2000: 1,819,046 (White: 44.7%; Black: 1.9%; Hispanic or Latino: 42.1%; Asian: 1.1%; Other: 30.2%; including American Indian/ Alaska Native: 9.5% ) Foreign born: 8.2%. Median age: 34.6.
Income 2000: per capita $17,261; median household $34,133; Pop below poverty: 18.4%.
Personal per capita income 2000-2003: $22,135-$24,995.
Unemployment 2004: 5.7%. Unemployment 2000: 5%; Change from 2000: +0.7%. Median travel time to work: 21.9 minutes. Working outside county of residence: 15.4%.
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Gale Encyclopedia of US History:
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New Mexico
Having encountered unfathomable wealth and high civilization among the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico, Spaniards quickly turned their attention northward, hoping to find another Mexico. New Mexico acquired its name and its early European visitors and residents from this misplaced belief in its potential mineral wealth. The Europeans found a dry, mountainous land of few trees and even less water populated by indigenous descendants of Anasazi Indians, whom the Spaniards named "Pueblos" for their towns that occupied the best lands along the banks of the Rio Grande. Seminomadic Athapascan and Shoshonean peoples, the Apaches and the Navajos, also called the high desert plateau home. The descendants of all of these groups inhabit the "Land of Enchantment" in the twenty-first century. New Mexico's history revolves around the relationships, sometimes tense, sometimes violent, sometimes friendly, among these groups and the land.
Another Mexico
The miraculous return in 1536 of Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, the Moorish slave Esteban, and two others from the disastrous 1528 Florida expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez piqued the curiosity of Spaniards. Cabeza de Vaca and his compatriots did not return with glowing reports of northern wealth, just rumors of a populous country to the north with large houses and trade in turquoise and other valuable items. These rumors sparked wild speculation as to the existence of another Mexico. When Cabeza de Vaca refused Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza's offer to return to the north, Mendoza selected the Franciscan
Fray Marcos de Niza to lead the expedition to verify the presence of wealthy northern cities. He was accompanied by the experienced Esteban.
After departing from Culiacán in 1539, Esteban and his Native retinue ranged ahead of Fray Marcos. In accordance with their plans, Esteban sent to Fray Marcos crosses of varying sizes, depending on his findings. When Esteban heard of Cíbola, he sent a large cross to Fray Marcos. The friar instructed Esteban to wait but to no avail. Esteban forged ahead, arriving at one of the Zuni pueblos, Háwikuh, where the Zunis seized and killed Esteban. Horrified at his companion's fate and eager to return to Mexico City, the Franciscan friar caught a glimpse of the Zuni village from afar, declared it Cíbola, and returned to Mexico City.
Fray Marcos's report of the golden glories of the north prompted Viceroy Mendoza to appoint his protégé Francisco Vásquez de Coronado to lead an expedition northward. The expedition seemed a mobile colony, including 350 Spaniards outfitted in armor and weaponry, 1,000 Native Mexican auxiliaries, six Franciscans, and hundreds of support staff. In July 1540 the expedition's vanguard arrived at the Zuni villages Fray Marcos had identified as the legendary Seven Cities of Cíbola, a rival to the wealth and size of Mexico City. Coronado and his forces discovered an adobe pueblo of some one hundred families. Disgusted with the friar's apparent lies, Coronado sent him back to Mexico City. The expedition settled down at Zuni for five months, where Coronado entertained delegations from other pueblos. The delegation from Pecos Pueblo told him all about the Great Plains, prompting Coronado to send Captain Hernando de Alvarado to return to Pecos with the delegation. At Pecos, a citadel of some two thousand people on the western edge of the Plains, Alvarado learned from an Indian slave called "the Turk" of a rich kingdom known as Quivira out on the Plains.
Alvarado brought the Turk to Coronado, who had relocated to Tiguex Pueblo. The expedition settled into a pueblo vacated for them north of present-day Albuquerque, where they spent the severe winter of 1540–1541. When spring finally arrived, almost the entire expedition headed for the Plains in search of Quivira, which proved elusive. Coronado, at the behest of the Turk, took thirty Spaniards and support persons deep into the Plains of central Kansas. Although other Indians claimed the Turk was lying, Coronado pushed onward. At last he located Quivira, not a rich kingdom but a village of grass lodges. In league with Pecos Pueblo, the Turk had hoped the Spaniards would be enveloped by the Plains and never return to New Mexico. For his treachery the Turk was garroted. Now convinced that no kingdom or city filled with riches lay hidden in the north, Coronado returned to Mexico in the spring of 1542. Although Coronado took no gold or riches back with him, his expedition mapped out much of the American Southwest, transforming the region from a mystery into an area ripe for permanent European settlement.
European Settlement
The scion of a silver-rich Zacatecas family, don Juan de Oñate received royal permission to colonize New Mexico in 1595. He spent three years organizing the privately funded expedition and recruiting colonists. After six months of travel, Oñate and his colonists arrived at San Juan Pueblo on the banks of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. The San Juans graciously shared their food and homes with their new neighbors, who soon founded their first capital at San Gabriel. Oñate and his colonists hoped New Mexico would prove rich in mineral wealth, and to that end the governor made several early forays into the New Mexican wilderness. While Oñate was out on one such journey in the late fall of 1598, his nephew Juan de Zaldivar, who was second-in-command, was killed in a battle with the Acomans at the summit of their sky city fortress. In retaliation Oñate launched a successful war party against Acoma. Determined to send a message to would be rebels among the Pueblos, Oñate passed harsh punishments onto the Acomans, the severity of which set the stage for rebellion against the Spaniards.
Finding no mineral wealth, Oñate's colony failed, leading the Spanish government to take it over in 1608. No longer proprietary, New Mexico became a royal colony maintained to secure the thousands of indigenous souls Franciscan friars had baptized during Oñate's tenure. Spain also found it prudent to maintain New Mexico as a buffer zone against foreign encroachment on the profitable mining areas of northern New Spain. The royal governor Pedro de Peralta replaced Oñate in 1608 as a symbol of Spain's takeover of the colony. In 1610 Peralta removed the San Gabriel settlement to a site further from Pueblo settlements and renamed it Santa Fe.
Franciscans established missions along the Rio Grande in or near existing Pueblo Indian communities. In addition the Franciscans launched a harsh campaign of eradication against the Pueblo religion, particularly against Native priests, which angered the Pueblos. Peralta almost immediately clashed with religious authorities in New Mexico, inaugurating a competition for authority that endured until the 1680 Pueblo revolt. Civil and religious leaders argued over which group held control of and authority over Pueblos and their tributes. In essence the contest between the two groups was over control of New Mexico itself. Such squabbles revealed to Pueblo Indians the weaknesses of the sparsely populated northern colony of less than two thousand Europeans.
Pueblo Revolt
In one of their first acts of unity, most of the Rio Grande and western Pueblos (Tanos, Tewas, and Keres), with the exception of Socorro, which did not get the word of revolt in time, and Isleta, which was hampered by the presence of too many Spaniards, organized to drive the Spaniards out of New Mexico. Plans were to revolt on 11 August 1680. The New Mexico governor Antonio de Otermín found out about the plan, however, so the revolt was moved up one day to 10 August. On that day Pueblos rose up against everyone and everything Spanish, killing twenty-two Franciscan missionaries and some four hundred Spanish settlers and destroying mission churches as the most hated symbols of Spanish domination. The Pueblo Indian Popé directed the rebellion, allegedly hiding from the Spanish in a Taos Pueblo kiva. The revolt was largely successful. The Spanish survivors, many of them female heads of households, accompanied by some Isleta and Socorro Pueblos, spent twelve years in exile in the El Paso area.
In 1692 don Diego de Vargas arrived in El Paso as New Mexico's new governor and led a "bloodless" and largely symbolic reconquest of New Mexico. The Pueblos had lost their unity, and some sought to ally themselves with the Spanish. Vargas's bloodless reconquest had to be followed by force, including a room-by-room siege of Pueblo-held Santa Fe. The Spanish victory in Santa Fe provided Vargas with a stronghold, from which he conducted a difficult military campaign against the Pueblos throughout 1694. The Pueblos answered his campaign with another revolt in 1696, during which they killed five Franciscan priests and twenty-one other Spaniards and burned churches and convents. Determined to subdue the Pueblos, Vargas launched a war of attrition that lasted six months, targeting food supplies as well as rebellious Natives. By the war's end all but the three western pueblos (Acoma, Zuni, and Hopi) were subdued. The resumption of trade in European goods beckoned the rest of the Pueblos, and they fell in line.
Accommodation
New Mexico after Vargas was largely a different place from what it had been in the seventeenth century. The eighteenth century ushered in more accommodation between Spanish settlers and Pueblos, ending the "mainly missions" atmosphere of the seventeenth century and the religious intolerance of the Franciscans. The two groups intermingled on a daily basis, sometimes intimately. Most New Mexicans eked out a meager existence, combining agriculture with raising small livestock. Merchants, soldiers, and government officials fared better, often employing a retinue of servants to tend their fields and care for their families. Roman Catholicism provided a central focus for many New Mexicans, including the Pueblo Indians, who practiced a form of Catholicism that left much of their Native religion intact.
In the eighteenth century raids by Comanche and Apache Indians and foreign encroachment from the French, British, and later the upstart Americans posed the largest threats to New Mexico. In 1786 Governor Juan Bautista de Anza engineered a "Comanche peace" by defeating the Comanche leader Cuerno Verde. Spaniards learned from the French that "peace by purchase" was far cheaper in the long run than continual raids and protracted battles. Anza convinced the Comanches to join with the Spanish against their common enemy the Apaches. The joint forces were successful in ending the Apache raids that had impoverished New Mexico's Spanish and Pueblo communities. The independence-oriented turmoil in Mexico in the 1810s and 1820s brought an end to "peace by purchase" payments to the two tribes and therefore an end to the peace.
Although Spanish officials frowned upon foreign trade, a few tenacious foreign souls attempted to reach Santa Fe and its markets prior to Mexican independence in 1821. In the late 1730s the French traders Pierre Mallet and Paul Mallet embarked on a mission to establisha trade route from New France (the modern-day upper Midwest) to Santa Fe. En route to New Mexico in 1739 they lost their six tons of trade goods in the Saline River in Kansas. Spanish authorities in Mexico denied the Mallet brothers' request for a trade license, but the brothers made a private agreement to trade with Santa Feans despite the government's decision.
Over the next few decades dozens of French traders from the Illinois country carried implements, cloth, and manufactured goods to Santa Fe in exchange for furs, gold, and silver. The international trade made Santa Fe a thriving town, and by the advent of the Missouri–Santa Fe highway, Santa Fe boasted nearly two thousand inhabitants. A few intrepid Americans, such as Zebulon Pike, rediscovered the trail to Santa Fe in the early 1800s. The trade remained the same as with the French, furs and silver in exchange for textiles, cutlery, and utensils.
The American purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 put New Mexico on the defensive. Spanish officials justifiably feared invasion, as American explorers and traders kept appearing along the border and even in Santa Fe. But Spain, weak and on the verge of collapse, was in no position to guard New Mexico from the Americans. Mexican independence from Spain in 1821 brought looser trade policies to New Mexico, but Mexico had as much difficulty protecting its northern frontier from foreign intrusion as had Spain.
Santa Fe Trail
Thanks to the fortune of good timing, William Becknell, an Indian trader from Missouri, first broke open the Santa Fe trade. In so doing Becknell paved the way for American traders to tap into the pent-up consumer desires of New Mexicans. In the autumn of 1821 Becknell followed the Arkansas River west from Franklin, Missouri, with twenty men and a pack train of horses loaded with trade goods. As Becknell's group crossed Raton Pass north of Santa Fe to trade with Indians, they by chance encountered Mexican soldiers, who told them of Mexican independence and predicted that Santa Feans would gladly welcome the Missouri traders. To Becknell's delight the Mexican soldiers were correct. From trading with the New Mexicans, Becknell earned a healthy profit in silver. New Mexicans were pleased as well, for Becknell sold them higher-quality goods than what they received from the Chihuahua, Mexico, merchants, who had been their only legitimate source of trade goods prior to Becknell's visit to Santa Fe.
Becknell returned to Santa Fe in June 1822 with even more goods and men, including three wagons loaded with trade items worth$5,000. Seeking a shorter and easier route for wagon travel than the long and arduous trip across Raton Pass, Becknell forged the alternate Cimarron route, crossing the Cimarron River west of modern Dodge City, Kansas. This route, despite its heat and lack of water, became the Santa Fe Trail. By 1824 a well-established highway marked the route between Independence, Missouri, and Santa Fe.
Under Mexican Rule
American fur trappers also made their way into New Mexico in the 1820s, and Taos became the focus of the western American fur trade. By 1826 more than one hundred Mountain Men trapped beaver along the Rio Grande and the Gila. While Mexican authorities saw these mountain men as a threat, presciently recognizing them as the advance wave of American movement into the Southwest, they were not willing to interrupt the lucrative trade the trappers ushered into New Mexico. For the most part Mexican authorities left New Mexico to its own devices. Accustomed to benign neglect, New Mexicans reacted strongly to Mexican dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna's attempts to centralize Mexico. Heavy-handed attempts at imposing order on the province by Governor Albino Pérez, the only nonlocal governor of New Mexico during the Mexican period, ended in chaos in 1837 as rebellion swept through the province. The fleeing Pérez lost his life to a rabble and was replaced by the native New Mexican Manuel Armijo, who restored order. In 1844 Governor Armijo successfully warded off attempts by land-hungry Texans to claim all the land east of the Rio Grande to its source, an episode that engendered a long-held antipathy toward Texans.
The U.S.–mexican War
Texas's bid to join the United States launched a war between Mexico and the United States in 1846. U.S. general Stephen Kearney took New Mexico without a fight. Rather than organizing a defense, Governor Armijo departed for Chihuahua after meeting with the trader James Magoffin, who somehow negotiated a peaceful conquest, although no one knows for certain what happened. All did not remain peaceful, however. Discontented New Mexicans planned an uprising for 24 December 1846, but rumors reached officials, who managed to squelch the opposition's plans. On 19 January 1847 a rebel mob scalped the appointed U.S. governor Charles Bent and twelve others sympathetic to the American cause. Rebellion spread throughout northern New Mexico. In February 1847 Colonel Sterling Price marched on Taos Pueblo, where the rebels had gathered. After a bloody battle the ringleaders were hanged, bringing an end to the armed resistance to the American occupation of New Mexico.
In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which officially ended the war in 1848, New Mexico became part of the United States, and its people became American citizens. New Mexico had the necessary population for statehood, sixty-one thousand Hispanics and thirty thousand Indians in the 1850 census, and the support of Presidents James K. Polk and Zachary Taylor, but circumstances changed as gold was discovered in California. The Compromise of 1850 declared New Mexico a territory without restrictions on the issue of slavery and adjusted the long-contested boundary between New Mexico and Texas. New Mexico lost its bid for statehood to the politics of slavery and remained a territory for sixty-two years, until 1912.
The Civil War
During the 1850s the U.S. military built an elaborate defense system in New Mexico consisting of six military posts designed to keep hostile Indian tribes under control. The military thereby became the mainstay of the territory's economy and allowed the population to spread out from the Rio Grande valley. In 1861, however, Federal troops returned home to fight the Civil War, abandoning the defense system protecting those settlers and disrupting the orderly development of New Mexico. The territory sided with the Union, mostly out of hatred for the Confederate Texans. The few Civil War battles, including Valverde and Glorieta Pass (1862), that took place in New Mexico were more a reassertion of Texas imperialism than an integral part of Confederate strategy. Indeed most of the fighting in New Mexico during the Civil War years was against Indians. Colonel James H. Carleton ordered Colonel Christopher "Kit" Carson, a former mountain man, to campaign against the Mescalero Apaches (1863) and then the Navajos (1864). Carson prevailed against both tribes. Survivors were marched to Bosque Redondo, the first experiment in Indian reservations, which failed utterly. An 1868 treaty allowed the Navajos to return to their much-reduced homeland. The U.S. military confronted the Comanches and the Apaches in the 1870s and 1880s and confined both groups to reservations by the end of the 1880s.
The Civil War was a watershed in New Mexico history, bending the territory toward the United States and away from Mexico. After the war New Mexico shared much of the history of the rest of the American West, range wars, mining booms, railroad construction, Indian wars, nationalized forests, and military bases. As Anglo-Americans moved into the territory, Hispanic New Mexicans found it more difficult to hold onto their ancestral lands. The 1878–1879 Lincoln County War reflected the tensions among New Mexico's various populations, especially Hispanic sheepherders and Anglo cattle ranchers.
Statehood
New Mexico finally achieved statehood in 1912, beginning a new era. Statehood meant that a satisfactory level of Americanization had been reached, and participation in the twentieth century's major military efforts continued the process. Some 50,000 New Mexicans served their country in World War II, including Navajo Code Talkers. The state had the highest volunteer rate of any state. Many of these volunteers died in the Bataan death march. Northern New Mexico's mountains hid the secret Los Alamos labs and the Manhattan Project during World War II, and the first atomic bomb was detonated at the Trinity Test Site at White Sands on 16 July 1945, establishing the state as a major location for federal defense projects. Investments reached $100 billion by the end of the Cold War. Military defense continued to boost New
Mexico's economy in the early twenty-first century along with tourism and some manufacturing. The legendary Route 66 bisected the state, passing through Albuquerque and bringing tourists who sampled the state's blend of cultures and drank in the romanticized Spanish and Indian past provided by boosters.
Indians maintained a significant presence in New Mexico. Unlike most Native Americans, the Pueblos, Navajos, and Apaches remained on a portion of their ancestral homelands, while many other Native Americans settled in Albuquerque. India agent John Collier and the General Federation of Women's Clubs helped New Mexican Pueblos successfully overturn the 1922 Bursum bill, which would have given squatters land ownership and water rights in traditional Pueblo lands. The Pueblo Lands Act of 1924 protected Pueblo lands from squatters and recognized the land rights Pueblos had enjoyed under Spanish and Mexican rule. In recent years, Indian gaming brought an influx of cash to some of New Mexico's tribes and added punch to their political presence.
After 1848 Hispanics sought redress for the loss of their ancestral lands, mostly through the U.S. court system. In the last half of the twentieth century the issue of land grants generated some isolated violence, namely the July 1967 takeover of the county courthouse at Tierra Amarilla by the activist Reies Lopes Tijerina and his followers. New Mexican Indians also fought the loss of their lands, particularly sacred sites such as Taos Pueblo's Blue Lake, which had been swallowed by the Carson National Forest. President Richard M. Nixon returned Blue Lake to them in the 1970s. The twentieth century also put New Mexico on the map as a center for the arts. Early in the century Taos became an arts colony, attracting artists, writers, and other intellectuals. In 1914, artists Ernest L. Blumenschein and Bert Philips founded the Taos Society of Artists, prompting the development of a distinctive New Mexican style. Santa Fe, the state capital, also draws artists and the tourists who support them. The mix of three cultures, Indian, Hispanic, and Anglo, makes the forty-seventh state a vibrant laboratory for race relations.
Bibliography
Boyle, Susan Calafate. Los Capitalistas: Hispano Merchants and the Santa Fe Trade. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997.
DeBuys, William. Enchantment and Exploitation: The Life and Hard Times of a New Mexico Mountain Range. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985.
DeMark, Judith Boyce, ed. Essays in Twentieth-Century New Mexico History. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.
Deutsch, Sarah. No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880–1940. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Gutiérrez, Ramón A. When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991.
Jensen, Joan M., and Darlis A. Miller, eds. New Mexico Women: Intercultural Perspectives. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986.
Kessell, John L. Kiva, Cross, and Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540–1840. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1979.
Simmons, Marc. New Mexico: An Interpretive History. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.
Szasz, Ferenc Morton. The Day the Sun Rose Twice: The Story of the Trinity Site Nuclear Explosion, July 16, 1945. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.
Vargas, Diego de. Remote beyond Compare: Letters of Don Diego de Vargas to His Family from New Spain and New Mexico, 1675–1706. Edited by John L. Kessell. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989.
Weber, David J. The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest under Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982.
———. The Spanish Frontier in North America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
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New Mexico
New Mexico, state in the SW United States. At its northwestern corner are the so-called Four Corners, where Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah meet at right angles; New Mexico is also bordered by Oklahoma (NE), Texas (E, S), and Mexico (S).
Facts and Figures
Area, 121,666 sq mi (315,115 sq km). Pop. (2000) 1,819,046, a 20.1% increase since the 1990 census. Capital, Santa Fe. Largest city, Albuquerque. Statehood, Jan. 6, 1912 (47th state). Highest pt., Wheeler Peak, 13,161 ft (4,014 m); lowest pt., Red Bluff Reservoir, 2,817 ft (859 m). Nickname, Land of Enchantment. Motto, Crescit Eundo [It Grows as It Goes], State bird, chaparral ("roadrunner"). State flower, yucca. State tree, piñon. Abbr., N.Mex.; NM
Geography
New Mexico is roughly bisected by the Rio Grande and has an approximate mean altitude of 5,700 ft (1,737 m). The topography of the state is marked by broken mesas, wide deserts, heavily forested mountain wildernesses, and high, bare peaks. The mountain ranges, part of the Rocky Mts., rising to their greatest height (more than 13,000 ft/3,962 m) in the Sangre de Cristo Mts., are in broken groups, running north to south through central New Mexico and flanking the Rio Grande. In the southwest is the Gila Wilderness.
Broad, semiarid plains, particularly prominent in S New Mexico, are covered with cactus, yucca, creosote bush, sagebrush, and desert grasses. Water is rare in these regions, and the scanty rainfall is subject to rapid evaporation. The two notable rivers besides the Rio Grande-the Pecos and the San Juan-are used for some irrigation; the Carlsbad and Fort Sumner reclamation projects are on the Pecos, and the Tucumcari project is nearby. Other projects utilize the Colorado River basin; however, the Rio Grande, harnessed by the Elephant Butte Dam, remains the major irrigation source for the area of most extensive farming. The capital of New Mexico is Santa Fe, and the largest city is Albuquerque.
Economy
Because irrigation opportunities are few, most of the arable land is given over to grazing. There are many large ranches, with cattle and sheep on the open range year round. In the dry farming regions, the major crops are hay and sorghum grains. Onions, potatoes, and dairy products are also important. In addition, piñon nuts, pinto beans, and chilis are crops particularly characteristic of New Mexico. Pinewood is the chief commercial wood.
Much of the state's income is derived from its considerable mineral wealth. New Mexico is a leading producer of uranium ore, manganese ore, potash, salt, perlite, copper ore, natural gas, beryllium, and tin concentrates. Petroleum and coal are also found in smaller quantities. Silver and turquoise have been used in making jewelry since long before European exploration.
The federal government is the largest employer in the state, accounting for over one quarter of New Mexico's jobs. A large percentage of government jobs in the state are related to the military; there are several air force bases, along with national observatories and the Los Alamos and Sandia laboratories. Climate and increasing population have aided New Mexico's effort to attract new industries; manufacturing, centered especially around Albuquerque, includes food and mineral processing and the production of chemicals, electrical equipment, and ordnance. High-technology manufacturing is increasingly important, much of it in the defense industry.
Millions of acres of the wild and beautiful country of New Mexico are under federal control as national forests and monuments and help to make tourism a chief source of income. Best known of the state's attractions are the Carlsbad Caverns National Park and the Aztec Ruins National Monument. Thousands of tourists annually visit the White Sands, Bandelier, Capulin Volcano, El Morro, Fort Union, Gila Cliff Dwellings, and Salinas Pueblo Missions national monuments and Chaco Culture National Historical Park (see National Parks and Monuments, table). Several of New Mexico's surviving native pueblos are also much visited.
Government and Higher Education
New Mexico is governed under the constitution of 1912. The legislature has a senate of 42 members and a house of representatives with 70 members. The governor is elected for four years and may be reelected. The state elects two U.S. senators and three representatives and has five electoral votes. New Mexico has been generally Democratic in politics, although it joined the national trend toward conservatism in the 1980s. Gary Johnson, a Republican, was elected governor in 1994 and reelected in 1998, but a Democrat, Bill Richardson, won the governorship in 2002 and 2006. In 2010 Republican Susana Martinez was elected to the post; she is the first woman to serve in the office.
The most prominent educational institutions in the state are the Univ. of New Mexico, at Albuquerque; New Mexico State Univ., at Las Cruces; and St. John's College, at Santa Fe.
History
Native Americans and the Spanish
Use of the land and minerals of New Mexico goes back to the prehistoric time of the early cultures in the Southwest that long preceded the flourishing sedentary civilization of the Pueblos that the Spanish found along the Rio Grande and its tributaries. Many of the Native American pueblos exist today much as they were in the 13th cent. Word of the pueblos reached the Spanish through Cabeza de Vaca, who may have wandered across S New Mexico between 1528 and 1536; they were enthusiastically identified by Fray Marcos de Niza as the fabulously rich Seven Cities of Cibola.
A full-scale expedition (1540-42) to find the cities was dispatched from New Spain, under the leadership of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. The treatment of the Pueblo people by Coronado and his men led to the long-standing hostility between the Native Americans and the Spanish and slowed Spanish conquest. The first regular colony at San Juan was founded by Juan de Oñate in 1598. The Native Americans of Acoma revolted against the Spanish encroachment and were severely suppressed.
In 1609 Pedro de Peralta was made governor of the "Kingdom and Provinces of New Mexico," and a year later he founded his capital at Santa Fe. The little colony did not prosper greatly, although some of the missions flourished and haciendas were founded. The subjection of Native Americans to forced labor and attempts by missionaries to convert them resulted in violent revolt by the Apache in 1676 and the Pueblo in 1680. These uprisings drove the Spanish entirely out of New Mexico.
The Spanish did not return until the campaign of Diego de Vargas Zapata reestablished their control in 1692. In the 18th cent. the development of ranching and of some farming and mining was more thorough, laying the foundations for the Spanish culture in New Mexico that still persists. Over one third of the population today is of Hispanic origin (and few are recent immigrants from Mexico) and roughly the same percentage speak Spanish fluently.
When Mexico achieved its independence from Spain in 1821, New Mexico became a province of Mexico, and trade was opened with the United States. By the following year the Santa Fe Trail was being traveled by the wagon trains of American traders. In 1841 a group of Texans embarked on an expedition to assert Texan claims to part of New Mexico and were captured.
The Anglo Influence
The Mexican War marked the coming of the Anglo-American culture to New Mexico. Stephen W. Kearny entered (1846) Santa Fe without opposition, and two years later the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded New Mexico to the United States. The territory, which included Arizona and other territories, was enlarged by the Gadsden Purchase (1853).
A bid for statehood with an antislavery constitution was halted by the Compromise of 1850, which settled the Texas boundary question in New Mexico's favor and organized New Mexico as a territory without restriction on slavery. In the Civil War, New Mexico was at first occupied by Confederate troops from Texas, but was taken over by Union forces early in 1862. After the war and the withdrawal of the troops, the territory was plagued by conflict with the Apache and Navajo. The surrender of Apache chief Geronimo in 1886 ended conflict in New Mexico and Arizona (which had been made a separate territory in 1863). However, there were local troubles even after that time.
Already the ranchers had taken over much of the grasslands. The coming of the Santa Fe RR in 1879 encouraged the great cattle boom of the 80s. There were typical cow towns, feuds among cattlemen as well as between cattlemen and the authorities (notably the Lincoln County War), and the activities of such outlaws as Billy the Kid. The cattlemen were unable to keep out the sheepherders and were overwhelmed by the homesteaders and squatters, who fenced in and plowed under the "sea of grass." Land claims gave rise to bitter quarrels among the homesteaders, the ranchers, and the old Spanish families, who made claims under the original grants. Despite overgrazing and reduction of lands, ranching survived and continues to be important together with the limited but scientifically controlled irrigated and dry farming. Statehood was granted in 1912.
Modern New Mexico
In 1943 the U.S. government built Los Alamos as a center for atomic research. The first atom bomb was exploded at the White Sands Proving Grounds in July, 1945. The growth and use of military and nuclear facilities continued after World War II. High-altitude experiments were apparently responsible for a 1947 incident near Roswell that led to persistent claims that the government was concealing captured extraterrestrial corpses and equipment. In the 1990s the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, deep in salt formations near Carlsbad, was readied for storage of nuclear wastes, amid controversy.
New Mexico's climate, tranquillity, and startling panoramas have made the state a place of winter or year-round residence for those seeking health or a place of retirement. Many writers and artists have made their homes in communities such as Taos and Santa Fe, including D. H. Lawrence and Georgia O'Keeffe. The Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo, and some Ute, live on federal reservations within the state-the Navajo Nation, with over 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares), is the largest in the country-and the Pueblo, a settled agricultural people, live in pueblos scattered throughout the state. At the beginning of the 1990s the Native American population of New Mexico was more than 134,000.
Bibliography
See W. A. Beck, New Mexico: A History of Four Centuries (1962, repr. 1982); A. K. Gregg, New Mexico in the Nineteenth Century (1968); R. W. Larson, New Mexico's Quest for Statehood (1968); W. W. Davis, El Gringo: New Mexico and Her People (1982); R. V. Jackson, New Mexico Historical and Biographical Index (1984); J. L. Williams, ed., New Mexico in Maps (2d ed. 1986); N. H. Warren, Villages of Hispanic New Mexico (1987).
Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: Geography:
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New Mexico
State in the southwestern United States bordered by Colorado to the north, Oklahoma and Texas to the east, Texas and Mexico to the south, and Arizona to the west. Its capital is Santa Fe, and its largest city is Albuquerque.
- Center of the Los Alamos Research Center, where the atomic bomb was developed.
- An important center of Native American culture and home to Navajo reservations.
Barron's Wine Lover's Companion:
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New Mexico
This southwestern state is the oldest known vitis vinifera growing region in the United States. History tells us that in 1629 monks successfully planted mission vines in Senecu, an Indian pueblo south of the city of Socorro (about 80 miles south of Albuquerque). But it's thought that there may have been earlier plantings in southern New Mexico, dating as far back as the late 1500s, over a century before the Spanish missionaries in California began planting. The viticultural area along the Rio Grande River was so successful that by the 1880s, it was the fifth largest wine-producing region in the United States with an annual output of about one million gallons of wine. Floods, crop disease, and prohibition curtailed this copious production, finally bringing it to a halt in 1920. It wasn't until the late 1970s and early 1980s that New Mexico's wine industry began to revive. Winemakers realized that the high-desert climate's long hot days (which allow grapes to mature and ripen to proper sugar levels) and cool nights (which help set good acid levels) was favorable to the production of good wines. There are three approved avas in New Mexico-southern New Mexico has mesilla valley ava and the mimbres valley ava; middle rio grande valley ava is in the middle of the state. Today there are nearly twenty-five wineries throughout the state. The best known is probably Gruet Winery-partially because the owners are French and partially because it produces great sparkling wine. Luarent Gruet and Farid Himeur started the winery in 1987. They came to New Mexico from the champange region in france where their families had produced sparkling wines since 1952 at Gruet Champagne.
US State Stats by Answers.com:
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New Mexico
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- Abbreviation: NM
- Capital City: Santa Fe
- Date of Statehood: Jan. 6, 1912
- State #: 47
- Population: 1,819,046
- Area: 121593 sq.mi. Land 121359 sq. mi. Water 234 sq.mi.
- Economy:
Agriculture: cattle, dairy products, hay, nursery stock, chilies;
Industry: electric equipment, petroleum and coal products, food processing, printing and publishing, stone, glass, and clay products, tourism - Where the name comes from: Named by the Spanish for lands north of the Rio Grande River
- State Bird: Roadrunner
- State Flower: Yucca Flower
- About the Flag: The yellow field and red symbol colors are the colors of Spain. On New Mexico's flag is a red sun with rays streching out from it. There are four groups of rays with four rays in each group -- an ancient sun symbol of a Native American people called the Zia. The Zia believed that the giver of all good gave them gifts in groups of four. These gifts are: the four directions, the four seasons, the day (sunrise, noon, evening, night), and life (childhood, youth, middle years and old age), all bound by a circle of life and love, with no beginning or end.
- State Motto: Crescit eundo -- It grows as it goes
- State Nickname: Land of Enchantment
- State Song: O, Fair New Mexico
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categories related to 'New Mexico'
- States of the United States - New Mexico: NM; 47th state, admitted 1912; SW United States; capital Santa Fe; ranks 5th in area, pop. 1,522,000; Land of Enchantment
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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New Mexico
This article is about the U.S. state of New Mexico. For other uses, see New Mexico (disambiguation).
"Land of Enchantment" redirects here. For the Michael Martin Murphey album, see Land of Enchantment (album).
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| Fish | Rio Grande cutthroat trout |
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| Colors | Red & Yellow |
| Fossil | Coelophysis |
| Gemstone | Turquoise |
| Song(s) | "O' Fair New Mexico" |
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New Mexico (
i/nuː ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/) is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the 5th most extensive, the 36th most populous, and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States.
Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans, after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona.[7] The tribes in the state consist of mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Hispanic and Native American influences. The flag of New Mexico is represented by the red and gold colors, which represent Spain, as well as the Zia symbol, an ancient Native American symbol for the sun.[8]
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Geography
Further information: List of counties in New Mexico
See also: Delaware Basin
The state's total area is 121,412 square miles (314,460 km2).[9] The eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and three miles (5 km) west of 103° W longitude with Texas.[9][not in citation given] On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border with Arizona runs along the 109° 03' W longitude.[9] The southwestern corner of the state is known as the Bootheel. The 37° N latitude parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the northwestern corner of New Mexico. New Mexico, although a large state, has little water. Its surface water area is about 250 square miles (650 km2).
The New Mexican landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexico's arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, especially towards the north. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north-south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexico's rivers are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian, San Juan, and Gila. The Rio Grande is tied for the fourth longest river in the U.S.[10]
The U.S. government protects millions of acres of New Mexico as national forests including:[11]
- Carson National Forest
- Cibola National Forest (headquartered in Albuquerque)
- Lincoln National Forest
- Santa Fe National Forest (headquartered in Santa Fe)
- Gila National Forest
- Gila Wilderness
Areas managed by the National Park Service include:[12]
- Aztec Ruins National Monument at Aztec
- Bandelier National Monument in Los Alamos
- Capulin Volcano National Monument near Capulin
- Carlsbad Caverns National Park near Carlsbad
- Chaco Culture National Historical Park at Nageezi
- El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail
- El Malpais National Monument in Grants
- El Morro National Monument in Ramah
- Fort Union National Monument at Watrous
- Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument near Silver City
- Old Spanish National Historic Trail
- Pecos National Historical Park in Pecos
- Petroglyph National Monument near Albuquerque
- Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument at Mountainair
- Santa Fe National Historic Trail
- White Sands National Monument near Alamogordo
Visitors also frequent the surviving native pueblos of New Mexico. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state. Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Valles Caldera National Preserve. The Gila Wilderness lies in the southwest of the state.
Climate
The climate of New Mexico is generally semi-arid to arid, though there are areas of continental and alpine climates, and its territory is mostly covered by mountains, high plains, and desert. The Great Plains (High Plains) are located in the eastern portion of the state, similar to the Colorado high plains in eastern Colorado. The two states share plenty of similarities in terrain, with both having plains, mountains, basins, mesas, and desert lands. New Mexico's average precipitation rate is 13.9 inches (350 mm) a year. The average annual temperatures can range from 64 °F (18 °C) in the southeast to less than 40 °F (4 °C) in the northern mountains.[9] During the summer months, daytime temperatures can often exceed 100 °F (38 °C) at elevations below 5,000 feet (1,500 m), the average high temperature in July ranges from 97 °F (36 °C) at the lower elevations to the upper 70s (°F, up to 26 °C) at the higher elevations. Many cities in New Mexico can have temperature lows in the 20's and into the teens as well. The highest temperature recorded in New Mexico was 122 °F (50 °C) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Loving on June 27, 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature is −50 °F (−46 °C) at Gavilan on February 1, 1951.[13] New Mexico receives a decent amount of snow as well, and a lot of snow in its higher elevations in the mountains.
Flora and fauna
New Mexico contains extensive habitat for many plants and animals, especially in desert areas and pinon-juniper woodlands. Creosote bush, mesquite, cacti, yucca, and desert grasses, including black grama, purple three-awn, tobosa, and burrograss, cover the broad, semiarid plains that cover the southern portion of the state. The northern portion of the state is home to many tree species such as ponderosa pine, aspen, cottonwood, spruce, fir, and Russian olive, which is an invasive species. Native birds include the greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)[14] and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).[15] Other fauna present in New Mexico include black bears, cougars, coyotes, porcupines, skunks, Mexican gray wolves, deer, elk, plains bison, collared peccary, bighorn sheep, squirrels, chipmunks, pronghorn, western diamondback, kangaroo rat, jackrabbit and a multitude of other birds, reptiles, and rodents. The black bear native to New Mexico, Ursus americanus amblyceps, was formally adopted as the state's official animal in 1953.[16]
History
Main article: History of New Mexico
The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of the Clovis culture of Paleo-Indians.[17]:19 Later inhabitants include American Indians of the Mogollon and Anasazi cultures.[18]:52 By the time of European contact in the 16th century, the region was settled by the villages of the Pueblo peoples and groups of Navajo, Apache and Ute.[17]:6,48
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado assembled an enormous expedition at Compostela in 1540–1542 to explore and find the mystical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola as described by Fray Marcos de Niza.[18]:19–24 The name Nuevo México was first used by a seeker of gold mines named Francisco de Ibarra who explored far to the north of Mexico in 1563 and reported his findings as being in "a New Mexico".[19] Juan de Oñate officially established the name when he was appointed the first governor of the new Province of New Mexico in 1598.[18]:36–37 The same year he founded the San Juan de los Caballeros colony, the first permanent European settlement in the future state of New Mexico,[20] on the Rio Grande near Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo.[18]:37 Oñate extended El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, "Royal Road of the Interior," by 700 miles (1,100 km) from Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua to his remote colony.[21]:49
The settlement of Santa Fe was established at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains, around 1608.[21]:182 The city, along with most of the settled areas of the state, was abandoned by the Spanish for 12 years (1680–1692) as a result of the successful Pueblo Revolt.[22] After the death of the Pueblo leader Popé, Diego de Vargas restored the area to Spanish rule.[18]:68–75 While developing Santa Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers founded Albuquerque in 1706 from existing surrounding communities,[18]:84 naming it for the viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque.[23]
As a part of New Spain, the claims for the province of New Mexico passed to independent Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence.[18]:109 The Republic of Texas claimed the portion east of the Rio Grande when it seceded from Mexico in 1836.[24] Texas was separated from New Mexico by the Comancheria and its only attempt to establish a presence or control in the claimed territory was the failed Texas Santa Fe Expedition. The extreme northeastern part of New Mexico was originally ruled by France, and sold to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.[25] By 1800 the Spanish population had reached 25,000, but Apache and Comanche raids on Hispanic settlers were common until well into the period of U.S. occupation.[26]
Following the Mexican-American War, from 1846–1848 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Mexico ceded its mostly unsettled northern holdings, today known as the American Southwest and California, to the United States of America.[18]:132 In the Compromise of 1850 Texas ceded its claims to the area lying east of the Rio Grande in exchange for ten million dollars[18]:135 and the US government established the New Mexico Territory on September 9, 1850, including most of the present-day states of Arizona and New Mexico, and part of Colorado.[citation needed] The United States acquired the southwestern boot heel of the state and southern Arizona below the Gila river in the mostly desert Gadsden Purchase of 1853, which was related to the construction by the US of a transcontinental railroad.[18]:136
New Mexico played a role in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. Both Confederate and Union governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over New Mexico Territory. In 1861 the Confederacy claimed the southern tract as its own Arizona Territory and waged the ambitious New Mexico Campaign in an attempt to control the American Southwest and open up access to Union California. Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the Battle of Glorieta Pass in 1862. However, the Confederate territorial government continued to operate out of Texas, and Confederate troops marched under the Arizona flag until the end of the war. Additionally, over 8,000 troops from New Mexico Territory served the Union.[27]
Congress admitted New Mexico as the 47th state in the Union on January 6, 1912.[18]:166
During World War II, the first atomic bombs were designed and manufactured at Los Alamos and the first was tested at Trinity site in the desert on the White Sands Proving Grounds between Socorro and Alamogordo.[18]:179–180
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1850 | 61,547 |
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| 1860 | 93,516 | 51.9% | |
| 1870 | 91,874 | −1.8% | |
| 1880 | 119,565 | 30.1% | |
| 1890 | 160,282 | 34.1% | |
| 1900 | 195,310 | 21.9% | |
| 1910 | 327,301 | 67.6% | |
| 1920 | 360,350 | 10.1% | |
| 1930 | 423,317 | 17.5% | |
| 1940 | 531,818 | 25.6% | |
| 1950 | 681,187 | 28.1% | |
| 1960 | 951,023 | 39.6% | |
| 1970 | 1,017,055 | 6.9% | |
| 1980 | 1,303,302 | 28.1% | |
| 1990 | 1,515,069 | 16.2% | |
| 2000 | 1,819,046 | 20.1% | |
| 2010 | 2,059,179 | 13.2% | |
| Est. 2011 | 2,082,224 | [28] | 1.1% |
| Sources: 1850–1990,[29] 2000,[30] 2010[31] |
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New Mexico has benefited from federal government spending. It is home to three Air Force bases, White Sands Missile Range, and the federal research laboratories Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. The state's population grew rapidly after World War II, going from 531,818 in 1940 to 1,819,046 in 2000.[29][30] Employment growth areas in New Mexico include microelectronics, call centers, and Indian casinos.[32]
Demographics
Population
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New Mexico was 2,082,224 on July 1, 2011, a 1.12% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3]
As of July 1, 2008, the United States Census Bureau estimated New Mexico's population at 1,984,356,[30] which represents an increase of 165,315, or 9.1%, since the last census in 2000.[33] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 114,583 people (that is 235,551 births minus 120,968 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 59,499 people into the state.[33] Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 34,375 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 25,124 people.[33]
The center of population of New Mexico is located in Torrance County, in the town of Manzano.[34]
7.5% of New Mexico's population was reported as under 5 years of age, 25.3% under 18, and 13.1% were 65 or older.[35] Females make up approximately 50.7% of the population.[35]
As of 2000, 8.2% of the residents of the state were foreign-born.[35]
Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, at 46 percent (2010 estimate), including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America.
Largest cities and counties
| Rank | City | County | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Albuquerque | Bernalillo | 545,852 |
| 2 | Las Cruces | Doña Ana | 97,618 |
| 3 | Rio Rancho | Sandoval | 87,521 |
| 4 | Santa Fe | Santa Fe | 75,764 |
| 5 | Roswell | Chaves | 48,366 |
| 6 | Farmington | San Juan | 45,877 |
| 7 | Clovis | Curry | 37,775 |
| 8 | Hobbs | Lea | 34,112 |
| 9 | Alamogordo | Otero | 30,403 |
| 10 | Carlsbad | Eddy | 26,138 |
| Rank | County | Population within county limits |
Land Area sq. miles |
Largest city |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bernalillo | 662,564 | 1,166 | Albuquerque |
| 2 | Doña Ana | 209,233 | 3,807 | Las Cruces |
| 3 | Santa Fe | 147,532 | 1,909 | Santa Fe |
| 4 | Sandoval | 131,561 | 3,710 | Rio Rancho |
| 5 | San Juan | 130,004 | 5,514 | Farmington |
| 6 | Valencia | 76,569 | 1,068 | Los Lunas |
| 7 | McKinley | 71,492 | 5,449 | Gallup |
| 8 | Chaves | 63,060 | 6,071 | Roswell |
| 9 | Otero | 62,776 | 6,627 | Alamogordo |
| 10 | Lea | 59,155 | 4,393 | Hobbs |
Race and ancestry
| Race/Ethnicity in New Mexico (2010)[38] | |
|---|---|
| White (alone) | 68.4% |
| Black/African American | 2.1% |
| Asian | 1.4% |
| American Indian | 9.4% |
| Pacific Islander | 0.1% |
| Other | 15.0% |
| Two or more races | 3.7% |
| Hispanic/Latino (of any race) | 46.3% |
According to the United States Census Bureau, 1.5% of the population is Multiracial/Mixed-Race, a population larger than both the Asian and NHPI population groups.[35] In 2008 New Mexico had the highest percentage (45%) of Hispanics (of any race) of any state,[39] with 83% of these native-born and 17% foreign-born.[40] The majority of Hispanics in New Mexico claim a Spanish ancestry, especially in the northern part of the state. These people are the descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The state also has a large Native American population, second in percentage behind that of Alaska.[35][41]
According to estimates from the United States Census Bureau's 2006–2008 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimate,[42] New Mexico's population was 1,962,226. The number of New Mexicans of different single races were: White, 1,375,334 (70.1%); Black, 43,931 (2.2%); American Indian or Alaskan Native, 182,136 (9.3%); Asian, 26,767 (1.4%), Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 854 (0.1%), and 273,778 (14.0%) of some other race. There were 59,415 (3.0%) of two or more races. There were 873,171 (44.5%) Hispanics or Latino (of any race).
According to the 2000 United States Census,[43]:6 the most commonly claimed ancestry groups in New Mexico were: Spanish (18.7%), Mexican (16.3%), American Indian (10.3%), and German (9.8%)
Languages
| Languages Spoken in New Mexico | |
|---|---|
| English | 82% |
| Spanish | 28% |
| Navajo | 4% |
According the 2000 U.S. Census, 28.76% of the population aged 5 and older speak Spanish at home, while 4.07% speak Navajo.[44] Speakers of New Mexican Spanish dialect are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.[45]
Official language
The original state constitution of 1912 provided for a bilingual government with laws being published in both English and Spanish;[46] this requirement was renewed twice, in 1931 and 1943.[47] Nonetheless, the constitution does not declare any language as "official."[48] While Spanish was permitted in the legislature until 1935, all state officials are required to have a good knowledge of English. Cobarrubias and Fishman therefore argue that New Mexico cannot be considered a bilingual state as not all laws are published in both languages.[47] Others, such as Juan Perea, claim that the state was officially bilingual until 1953.[49] In either case, Hawaii is the only state that remains officially bilingual in the 21st century.[50]
With regards to the judiciary, witnesses have the right to testify in either of the two languages, and monolingual speakers of Spanish have the same right to be considered for jury-duty as do speakers of English.[48][51] In public education, the state has the constitutional obligation to provide for bilingual education and Spanish-speaking instructors in school districts where the majority of students are hispanophone.[48]
In 1995, the state adopted a State Bilingual Song, New Mexico - Mi Lindo Nuevo México.[52]:75,81 In 1989, New Mexico became the first state to officially adopt the English Plus resolution,[50] and in 2008, the first to officially adopt a Navajo textbook for use in public schools.[53]
Religion
| Religions in New Mexico | |
|---|---|
| Roman Catholic | 26% |
| Protestant | 42% |
| * Mainline | 15% |
| * Evangelical | 25% |
| * Other Protestant | 2% |
| LDS (Mormon) | 3% |
| Jewish | 2% |
| Buddhist | 2% |
| Other Religion | 3% |
| Unaffiliated | 22% |
According to a report compiled by the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, the largest denominations in 2000 were the Catholic Church with 670,511; the Southern Baptist Convention with 132,675; the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 42,261 (66,178 year-end 2009);[54] and the United Methodist Church with 41,597 adherents.[55] According to a 2008 survey by the Pew Research Center, the most common self-reported religious affiliation of New Mexico residents are:[56]:100
Catholic Church hierarchy
Within the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, New Mexico belongs to the Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe. New Mexico has three dioceses, one of which is an archdiocese:[57] Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Diocese of Gallup, Diocese of Las Cruces.
Economy
Main article: Economy of New Mexico
Oil and gas production, tourism, and federal government spending are important drivers of the state economy. State government has an elaborate system of tax credits and technical assistance to promote job growth and business investment, especially in new technologies.
Economic indicators
In 2010 New Mexico's Gross Domestic Product was $79.7 billion.[58] In 2007 the per capita personal income was $31,474 (rank 43rd in the nation).[59] In 2005 the percentage of persons below the poverty level was 18.4%.[60] The New Mexico Tourism Department estimates that in Fiscal Year 2006 the travel industry in New Mexico generated expenditures of $6.5 billion.[61] As of April 2012[update], the state's unemployment rate was 7.2%.[62] During the Late 2000's Recession New Mexico's unemployment rate peaked at 8.0% for the period June-October of 2010.As of March 2012[update], the state's unemployment rate was 7.2%.[63]
Oil and gas production
New Mexico is the third leading crude oil and natural gas producer in the United States. The Permian Basin (part of the Mid-Continent Oil Field) and San Juan Basin lie partly in New Mexico. In 2006 New Mexico accounted for 3.4% of the crude oil, 8.5% of the dry natural gas, and 10.2% of the natural gas liquids produced in the United States.[64] In 2000 the value of oil and gas produced was $8.2 billion.[65]
Federal government
Federal government spending is a major driver of the New Mexico economy. In 2005 the federal government spent $2.03 on New Mexico for every dollar of tax revenue collected from the state. This rate of return is higher than any other state in the Union.[66]
Many of the federal jobs relate to the military; the state hosts three air force bases (Kirtland Air Force Base, Holloman Air Force Base, and Cannon Air Force Base); a testing range (White Sands Missile Range); and an army proving ground and maneuver range (Fort Bliss – McGregor Range). A May 2005 estimate by New Mexico State University is that 11.65% of the state's total employment arises directly or indirectly from military spending.[67] Other federal installations include the technology labs of Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories.
Economic incentives
New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives to businesses operating in the state, including various types of tax credits and tax exemptions. Most of the incentives are based on job creation.[68]
New Mexico law allows governments to provide land, buildings, and infrastructure to businesses to promote job creation. Several municipalities have imposed an Economic Development Gross Receipts Tax (a form of Municipal Infrastructure GRT) that is used to pay for these infrastructure improvements and for marketing their areas.[69]
The state provides financial incentives for film production.[70][71] The New Mexico Film Office estimated at the end of 2007 that the incentive program had brought more than 85 film projects to the state since 2003 and had added $1.2 billion to the economy.[72]
State taxes
Beginning in 2008, personal income tax rates for New Mexico range from 1.7% to 4.9%, within four income brackets.[73] Beginning in 2007, active-duty military salaries are exempt from the state income tax.[74]
New Mexico imposes a Gross Receipts Tax (GRT) on many transactions, which many even include some governmental receipts. This resembles a sales tax but unlike the sales taxes in many states it applies to services as well as tangible goods. Normally, the provider or seller passes the tax on to the purchaser, however legal incidence and burden apply to the business, as an excise tax. GRT is imposed by the state and there may an additional locality component to produce a total tax rate.[75] As of July 1, 2008 the combined tax rate ranged from 5.125% to 8.4375%.[76]
Property tax is imposed on real property by the state, by counties, and by school districts. In general, personal-use personal property is not subject to property taxation. On the other hand, property tax is levied on most business-use personalty. The taxable value of property is 1/3 of the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30 mills is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.[77]
Transportation
New Mexico has long been an important corridor for trade and migration. The builders of the ruins at Chaco Canyon also created a radiating network of roads from the mysterious settlement.[78] Chaco Canyon's trade function shifted to Casas Grandes in the present-day Mexican state of Chihuahua, however, north-south trade continued. The pre-Columbian trade with Mesoamerican cultures included northbound exotic birds, seashells and copper. Turquoise, pottery, and salt were some of the goods transported south along the Rio Grande. Present-day New Mexico's pre-Columbian trade is especially remarkable for being undertaken on foot. The north-south trade route later became a path for colonists with horses arriving from New Spain as well as trade and communication. The route was called El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.[79]
The Santa Fe Trail was the 19th century US territory's vital commercial and military highway link to the Eastern United States.[80] All with termini in Northern New Mexico, the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the Old Spanish Trail are all recognized as National Historic Trails. New Mexico's latitude and low passes made it an attractive east-west transportation corridor.[81] As a territory, the Gadsden Purchase increased New Mexico's land area for the purpose of the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad, that of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Another transcontinental railroad was completed by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The railroads essentially replaced the earlier trails but brought on a population boom. Early transcontinental auto trails later crossed the state bringing more migrants. Railroads were later supplemented or replaced by a system of highways and airports. Today, New Mexico's Interstate Highways approximate the earlier land routes of the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the transcontinental railroads.
Road
New Mexico has had a problem with drunk driving, but that has lessened. According to the Los Angeles Times, for years the state was the country's worst in alcohol-related crash rates, but ranked 25th in alcohol-related fatal crash rates, as of July 2009[update].[82]
The automobile changed the character of New Mexico, marking the start of large scale immigration to the state from elsewhere in the United States. Settlers moving West during the Great Depression and post-World War II American culture immortalized the National Old Trails Highway, later U.S. Route 66. Today, the automobile is heavily relied upon in New Mexico for transportation.
New Mexico had 59,927 route miles of highway as of 2000[update], of which 7,037 receive federal-aid.[83] In that same year there were 1,003 miles (1,614 km) of freeways, of which 1000 were the route miles of Interstate Highways 10, 25 and 40.[84] The former number has increased with the upgrading of roads near Pojoaque, Santa Fe and Las Cruces to freeways. The highway traffic fatality rate was 1.9 fatalities per million miles traveled in 2000, the 13th highest rate among U.S. states.[85] Notable bridges include the Rio Grande Gorge Bridge near Taos. As of 2001[update], 703 highway bridges, or one percent, were declared "structurally deficient" or "structurally obsolete".[86]
Rural and intercity public transportation by road is provided by Americanos USA, LLC, Greyhound Lines and several government operators.
Urban mass transit
The New Mexico Rail Runner Express is a commuter rail system serving the metropolitan area of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It began operation on July 14, 2006.[87] The system runs from Belen to downtown Santa Fe. Larger cities in New Mexico typically have some form of public transportation by road; ABQ RIDE is the largest such system in the state.[88]
Rail
See also: List of New Mexico railroads
There were 2,354 route miles of railroads in the year 2000, this number increased with the opening of the Rail Runner's extension to Santa Fe.[89] In addition to local railroads and other tourist lines, the state jointly owns and operates a heritage narrow-gauge steam railroad, the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railway, with the state of Colorado. Narrow gauge railroads once connected many communities in the northern part of the state, from Farmington to Santa Fe.[90]:110 No fewer than 100 railroads of various names and lineage have operated in the jurisdiction at some point.[90]:8 New Mexico's rail transportation system reached its height in terms of length following admission as a state; in 1914 eleven railroads operated 3124 route miles.[90]:10
Railroad surveyors arrived in New Mexico in the 1850s.[91] The first railroads incorporated in 1869.[90]:9 The first operational railroad, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway (ATSF), entered the territory by way of the lucrative and contested Raton Pass in 1878. It eventually reached El Paso, Texas in 1881 and with the Southern Pacific Railroad created the nation's second transcontinental railroad with a junction at Deming. The Southern Pacific Railroad entered the territory from the Territory of Arizona in 1880.[90]:9, 18, 58–59[91] The Denver & Rio Grande Railway, who would generally use narrow gauge equipment in New Mexico, entered the territory from Colorado and began service to Espanola on December 31, 1880.[90]:95–96[91] These first railroads were built as long-distance corridors, later railroad construction also targeted resource extraction.[90]:8–11
Freight
New Mexico is served by two class I railroads, the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad. Combined, they operate 2,200 route miles of railway in the state.[89]
Passenger
A commuter rail operation, the New Mexico Rail Runner Express, connects the state's capital, its largest city and other communities.[92] The privately-operated state owned railroad began operations in July 2006.[87] The BNSF Railway's entire line from Belen to Raton, New Mexico was sold to the state, partially for the construction of phase II of this operation, which opened in December 2008.[93] Phase II of Rail Runner extended the line northward to Santa Fe from the Sandoval County station, the northernmost station under Phase I service. The service now connects Santa Fe, Sandoval, Bernalillo, and Valencia Counties. The trains connect Albuquerque's population base and central business district to downtown Santa Fe with up to eight roundtrips in a day. The section of the line running south to Belen is served less frequently.[94] Rail Runner operates scheduled service seven days per week.[95]
With the rise of rail transportation many settlements grew or were founded and the territory became a tourist destination. As early as 1878, the ATSF promoted tourism in the region with emphasis on Native American imagery.[96]:64 Named trains often reflected the territory they traveled: Super Chief, the streamlined successor to the Chief;[96] Navajo, an early transcontinental tourist train; and Cavern, a through car operation connecting Clovis and Carlsbad (by the early 1950s as train 23–24)[90]:49–50[97]:51, were some of the named passenger trains of the ATSF that connoted New Mexico.
Passenger train service once connected nine of New Mexico's present ten most populous cities (the exception is Rio Rancho), while today passenger train service connects two: Albuquerque and Santa Fe.[92] With the decline of most intercity rail service in the United States in the late 1960s, New Mexico was left with minimal services. No less than six daily long-distance roundtrip trains supplemented by many branch line and local trains served New Mexico in the early 1960s. Declines in passenger revenue, but not necessarily ridership, prompted many railroads to turn over their passenger services in truncated form to Amtrak, a state owned enterprise. Amtrak, also known as the National Passenger Railroad Corporation, began operating the two extant long-distance routes in May 1971.[90][96][97] Resurrection of passenger rail service from Denver to El Paso, a route once plied in part by the ATSF's El Pasoan[97]:37, has been proposed over the years. As early as the 1980s former Governor Toney Anaya proposed building a high-speed rail line connecting the two cities with New Mexico's major cities.[98] Front Range Commuter Rail is a project to connect Wyoming and New Mexico with high-speed rail.[99]
Amtrak's Southwest Chief passes through daily at stations in Gallup, Albuquerque, Lamy, Las Vegas, and Raton, offering connections to Los Angeles, Chicago and intermediate points.[100] The Southwest Chief is a fast Amtrak long distance train, being permitted a maximum speed of 90 mph (140 km/h) in various places on the tracks of the BNSF Railway.[101] It also operates on New Mexico Rail Runner Express trackage. The Southwest Chief is the successor to the Super Chief and El Capitan.[97]:115 The streamliner Super Chief, a favorite of early Hollywood stars, was one of the most famous named trains in the United States and one of the most esteemed for its luxury and exoticness—train cars were named for regional Native American tribes and outfitted with the artwork of many local artists—but also for its speed: as few as 39 hours 45 minutes westbound.[96]
The Sunset Limited makes stops three times a week in both directions at Lordsburg, and Deming, serving Los Angeles, New Orleans and intermediate points.[102] The Sunset Limited is the successor to the Southern Pacific Railroad's train of the same name and operates exclusively on Union Pacific trackage in New Mexico.
Aerospace
See also: List of airports in New Mexico
The Albuquerque International Sunport is the state's primary port of entry for air transportation.
Upham, near Truth or Consequences is the location of the world's first operational and purpose-built commercial spaceport, Spaceport America.[103][104][105] Rocket launches began in April 2007.[105] It is undeveloped and has one tenant, UP Aerospace, launching small payloads.[106] Virgin Galactic, a space tourism company, plans to make this their primary operating base.[104][107]
Law and government
See also: New Mexico local government
| State of New Mexico Elected Officials | |
| Governor | Susana Martinez (R) |
| Lieutenant Governor | John Sanchez (R) |
| Secretary of State | Dianna Duran (R) |
| Attorney General | Gary King (D) |
| State Auditor | Hector Balderas (D) |
| State Treasurer | James B. Lewis (D) |
| State Land Commissioner | Ray Powell (D) |
| Public Regulation Commission |
|
The Constitution of 1912, as amended, dictates the form of government in the state.
On March 18, 2009, then Governor William Blaine Richardson signed the law abolishing the death penalty (although the repeal is not retroactive to capital crimes committed before it took effect) in New Mexico following the assembly and senate vote the week before, thus becoming the 15th U.S. state to abolish the penalty.[108]
Current Governor Susana Martinez and Lieutenant Governor John Sanchez, both Republicans, were elected in 2010. Their terms expire in January 2015. Governors serve a term of four years and may seek re-election for one additional term (limit of two terms). New Mexico has had more governors than any other state in the United States. Juan de Oñate was appointed by the Spanish crown as the first governor of New Mexico in 1598. Since then, New Mexico has had Spanish, Mexican, and American governors. For a list of past governors, see List of New Mexico Governors.
Other constitutional officers, all of whose terms also expire in January 2015, include Secretary of State Dianna Duran,[109] Attorney General Gary King,[110] State Auditor Hector Balderas,[111] State Land Commissioner Ray Powell,[112] and State Treasurer James B. Lewis.[113] King, Balderas, Lewis, and Powell are Democrats. Duran is a Republican.
The New Mexico State Legislature consists of a 70-seat House of Representatives and a 42-seat Senate. Currently, both houses of the Legislature have Democratic majorities (27 Democrats and 15 Republicans in the Senate. 36 Democrats, 33 Republicans, and 1 independent caucusing with Democrats in the House of Representatives).
New Mexico's members of the United States Senate are Democrats Jeff Bingaman and Tom Udall. Democrats Martin Heinrich, and Ben R. Luján represent the first and third congressional districts, respectively, and Republican Steve Pearce represents the second congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. See New Mexico congressional map.
| Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of January 31, 2012[update][114][115] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Number of Voters | Percentage | |||
| Democratic | 574,748 | 48% | |||
| Republican | 379,537 | 32% | |||
| Other | 238,266 | 20% | |||
| Total | 1,192,551 | 100% | |||
Politics
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 41.78% 346,832 | 56.91% 472,422 |
| 2004 | 49.8% 376,930 | 49.1% 370,942 |
| 2000 | 47.85% 286,417 | 47.91% 286,783 |
| 1996 | 42% 232,751 | 49% 273,495 |
| 1992 | 43% 212,617 | 51% 261,617 |
New Mexico is considered a swing state, whose population has favored both Democratic and Republican presidential candidates in the past. The current governor is Susana Martinez (R), who succeeded Bill Richardson (D) on January 1, 2011 after he served two terms as governor from 2003 to 2011. Prior to Richardson, Gary Johnson (R) served as governor from 1995 to 2003. Governors in New Mexico are limited to two terms. In previous presidential elections, Al Gore carried the state (by 366 votes) in 2000; George W. Bush won New Mexico's five electoral votes in 2004, and the state's electoral votes were won by Barack Obama in 2008.
Democratic strongholds in the state include the Santa Fe Area, the west and south sides of the Albuquerque Metro Area, Northern and West Central New Mexico, and most of the Native American reservations, particularly the Navajo Nation. Republicans have traditionally had their strongholds in the eastern and southern parts of the state (Little Texas), Rio Rancho, and Albuquerque's Northeast Heights. While registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by nearly 200,000, New Mexico voters have historically favored moderate to conservative candidates at both the state and federal levels.
On major political issues, New Mexico abolished its death penalty statute, though not retroactively, effective July 1, 2009. This means individuals currently on New Mexico's Death Row can still be executed, and those convicted of capital crimes prior to July 1, 2009 may still be sentenced to capital punishment under the pre-existing death penalty statute.
On gun control, New Mexico law pre-empts all local gun control ordinances. Unlike states with strong gun control laws, a New Mexico resident may purchase any firearm deemed legal under federal law. There are no waiting periods under state law for picking up a firearm after it has been purchased, and there are no restrictions on magazine capacity. Additionally, New Mexico allows open carry of a loaded firearm without a permit, and is "shall-issue" for concealed carry permits.
Education
Due to the state's various research facilities, New Mexico had the highest concentration of PhD holders of any state in 2000.[116]
Primary and secondary education
See also: List of high schools in New Mexico
The New Mexico Public Education Department oversees the operation of primary and secondary schools.
Colleges and universities
Main article: List of colleges and universities in New Mexico
Culture
See also: List of people from New Mexico
With a Native American population of 134,000 in 1990, New Mexico still ranks as an important center of Native American culture. Both the Navajo and Apache share Athabaskan origin. The Apache and some Ute live on federal reservations within the state. With 16 million acres (6,500,000 ha), mostly in neighboring Arizona, the reservation of the Navajo Nation ranks as the largest in the United States. The prehistorically agricultural Pueblo Indians live in pueblos scattered throughout the state.
More than one-third of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin, many are descendants of colonial settlers. They settled in the northern portion of the state. Most of the Mexican immigrants reside in the southern part of the state. Also 10-15% of the population, mainly in the north, may contain Hispanic Jewish ancestry.
There are many New Mexicans who also speak a unique dialect of Spanish. New Mexican Spanish has vocabulary often unknown to other Spanish speakers. Because of the historical isolation of New Mexico from other speakers of the Spanish language, the local dialect preserves some late medieval Castilian vocabulary considered archaic elsewhere, adopts numerous Native American words for local features, and contains much Anglicized vocabulary for American concepts and modern inventions.
Albuquerque has the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, the National Hispanic Cultural Center, and the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, as well as hosts the famed annual Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta every fall.
Art and literature
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This section requires expansion. |
A large artistic community thrives in Santa Fe, and has included such people as Bruce Nauman, Richard Tuttle, John Connell and Steina Vasulka. The capital city has museums of Spanish colonial, international folk, Navajo ceremonial, modern Native American, and other modern art. Another museum honors late resident Georgia O'Keeffe. Colonies for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. In August, the city hosts the annual Santa Fe Indian Market, which is the oldest and largest juried Native American art showcase in the world. Performing arts include the renowned Santa Fe Opera which presents five operas in repertory each July to August, the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival held each summer, and the restored Lensic Theater a principal venue for many kinds of performances. The weekend after Labor Day boasts the burning of Zozobra, a 50 ft (15 m) marionette, during Fiestas de Santa Fe.
Art is also a frequent theme in Albuquerque, New Mexico’s largest city. The National Hispanic Cultural Center has held hundreds of performing arts events, art showcases, and other events related to Spanish culture in New Mexico and worldwide in the centerpiece Roy E Disney Center for the Performing Arts or in other venues at the 53 acre facility. New Mexico residents and visitors alike can enjoy performing art from around the world at Popejoy Hall on the campus of the University of New Mexico. Popejoy Hall hosts singers, dancers, Broadway shows, other types of acts, and Shakespeare. [117] Albuquerque also has the unique and memorable KiMo Theater built in 1927 in the Pueblo Revival Style architecture. The KiMo presents live theater and concerts as well as movies and simulcast operas. [118] In addition to other general interest theaters, Albuquerque also has the African American Performing Arts Center and Exhibit Hall which showcases achievements by people of African descent [119] and the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center which highlights the cultural heritage of the First Nations people of New Mexico.[120]
New Mexico still holds strong to its Spanish heritage. Old Spanish traditions such zarzuelas and flamenco are very popular in New Mexico.[121][122] World renowned flamenco dancer and native New Mexican María Benítez founded the Maria Benítez Institute for Spanish Arts "to present programs of the highest quality of the rich artistic heritage of Spain as expressed through music, dance, visual arts and other art forms." There is also the Festival Flamenco Internacional de Alburquerque held each year in which both native Spanish and New Mexican flamenco dancers perform at the University of New Mexico.
In the mid-20th century there was a thriving Hispano school of literature and scholarship being produced in both English and Spanish. Among the more notable authors were: Angélico Chávez, Nina Otero-Warren, Fabiola Cabeza de Baca, Aurelio Espinosa, Cleofas Jaramillo, Juan Bautista Rael, and Aurora Lucero-White Lea. As well, writer D. H. Lawrence lived near Taos in the 1920s at the D. H. Lawrence Ranch where there is a shrine said to contain his ashes.
New Mexico’s strong Spanish, Native American, and Wild West frontier motifs have provided material for many authors in the state including internationally recognized Tony Hillerman. [123]
Silver City, in the southwestern mountains of the state, was originally a mining town, and at least one nearby mine still operates. It is perhaps better known now as the home of and/or exhibition center for large numbers of artists, visual and otherwise. [124] Another former mining town turned art haven is Madrid, New Mexico. [125] It was brought to national fame as the filming location for the movie Wild Hogs in 2007. The City of Las Cruces, in southern New Mexico, has a museum system that is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program. [126] Las Cruces also has a variety of cultural and artistic opportunities for residents and visitors alike. [127]
Sports
|
This section requires expansion with: discussion and possibly more teams. |
Notable professional sports teams based in New Mexico include the professional teams Albuquerque Isotopes, Triple A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers (baseball), New Mexico Thunderbirds, NBA D-League (basketball), New Mexico Mustangs, North American Hockey League (ice hockey), and the New Mexico Renegades, Western States Hockey League (ice hockey. In May 2012 Santa Fe will be home to the Santa Fe Fuego, of the Pecos League of Professional Baseball Clubs. The state universities field teams in many sports; teams include the University of New Mexico Lobos and the New Mexico State Aggies.
Olympic gold medalist Tom Jager, who is an advocate of controversial high-altitude training for swimming, has conducted training camps in Albuquerque (elevation 5,312 ft (1,619.1 m)) and Los Alamos (7,320 ft (2,231 m)).[128]
See also
- Outline of New Mexico
- Index of New Mexico-related articles
- List of National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
- List of people from New Mexico
- Southern Rocky Mountains
- The New Deal and the arts in New Mexico
- The Center, New Mexico
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- ^ Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (February 2008) (PDF). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic. Pew Research Center. http://religions.pewforum.org/maps. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ "ARCHDIOSF.ORG". http://www.archdiosf.org/. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
- ^ "GDP by State". Greyhill Advisors. http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-state. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Per Capita Personal Income by State". University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. April 4, 2008. http://www.unm.edu/~bber/econ/us-pci.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
- ^ "Persons Below Poverty by New Mexico County". University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. January 18, 2008. http://www.unm.edu/~bber/demo/SAIPEallagepov05.htm. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
- ^ "Travel Economic Impact Model" (PDF). New Mexico Tourism Department. http://www.newmexico.org/department/research/docs/Economic_Impact_FY2006.pdf. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
- ^ {{cite web|title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics|url=http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.nm.htm
- ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LASST35000003?data_tool=XGtable. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
- ^ "EIA State Energy Profiles: New Mexico". US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. October 9, 2008. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=NM. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
- ^ "Oil & Gas Program". New Mexico Institute of Technology, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/resources/petroleum/. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
- ^ "Federal Spending Received Per Dollar of Taxes Paid by State, 2005". Tax Foundation. October 9, 2007. http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/show/266.html. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Dr. Chris Erickson; Erin Ward (May 2005). "Economic Impact of the Closure of Cannon Air Force Base". New Mexico Business Outlook. New Mexico State University. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060902233558/http://bbrs.nmsu.edu/nmbizoutlook/showarticle.php?articleID=50106. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
- ^ "Business Assistance: Incentives". State of New Mexico Economic Development Department. http://www.edd.state.nm.us/businessAssistance/incentives/index.html. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
- ^ Domrzalski, Dennis (2003-09-19). 28 New Mexico towns tap into $45M in incentives. OCLC 30948175. http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2003/09/22/story2.html. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
- ^ "Governor Signs Film Production Tax Incentives". New Mexico Economic Development Department. March 4, 2002. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061114192754/http://www.nmpartnership.com/press-releases/article.php?id=1022&title=Governor+Signs+Film+Production+Tax+Incentives. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
- ^ "New Mexico's Film Incentives". New Mexico Film Office. http://www.nmfilm.com/filming/incentives/. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
- ^ Hay, Kiera (2007-12-10). State's Incentives Keep Film Industry Growing. Albuquerque Journal. OCLC 9392114. http://www.abqjournal.com/AED/268427business12-10-07.htm. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
- ^ "Personal Income Tax Rates" (PDF). State of New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department. August 25, 2008. p. 3. http://www.tax.state.nm.us/forms/year08/pitrates_2005_2008.pdf. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
- ^ "Governor Richardson Announces New Laws to Take Effect; New State laws go into effect June 15, 2007" (PDF) (Press release). Office of the Governor, State of New Mexico. June 14, 2008. http://www.governor.state.nm.us/press/2007/june/061407_04.pdf. Retrieved September 5, 2008. "HB 436 Working Families Tax Credit...eliminates taxes on active duty military salaries."
- ^ "Gross Receipts Taxes FAQ" (PDF). State of New Mexico, Taxation and Revenue Department. August 6, 2006. http://www.tax.state.nm.us/oos/GrossReceiptsTaxFAQ.pdf. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
- ^ "Gross Receipts Tax Rate Schedule, Effective July 1, 2008 through December 31, 2008" (PDF). State of New Mexico, Taxation and Revenue Department. June 5, 2008. http://www.tax.state.nm.us/pubs/GrossReceiptsRates/grt_rates_july_2008.pdf. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
- ^ "Property Tax FAQ" (PDF). State of New Mexico, Taxation and Revenue Department. August 7, 2007. http://www.tax.state.nm.us/oos/PropertyTaxFAQ.pdf. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
- ^ Chaco Canyon
- ^ Suina, Kim. "Indigenous trade". Digital History Project—Book of Migrations. New Mexico Office of the State Historian. http://www.newmexicohistory.org/story2.php?catid=727. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
- ^ Santa Fe Trail Association
- ^ Santa Fe National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)
- ^ Los Angeles Times, New Mexico turns a corner on drunk driving, July 7, 2009, by Kate Linthicum, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/07/nation/na-new-mexico-dwi7
- ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-2: New Mexico Public Road Length, Miles by Ownership 2000 [1]
- ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-1: New Mexico Public Road Length, by Functional System [2]
- ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 2-1: Highway Traffic Fatalities and Fatality Rates: 2000
- ^ U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-5: Highway Bridge Condition: 2001 [3]
- ^ a b Holmes, Sue Major (January 14, 2009). "Mass. firm sues state over Railrunner name". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/01/14/mass_firm_sues_state_over_railrunner_name/. Retrieved February 2, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ "ABQ RIDE – City of Albuquerque". City of Albuquerque. http://www.cabq.gov/transit/index.html. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
- ^ a b U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Table 1-9: Freight Railroads in New Mexico and the United States: 2000 [4]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Myrick, David F. (1970). New Mexico's Railroads—An Historical Survey. Golden, Colorado: Colorado Railroad Museum. ISBN 0-8263-1185-7. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 70-116915.
- ^ a b c "New Mexico and its Railroads". La Crónica de Nuevo México/New Mexico Office of the State Historian: Digital History Project—The Book of Mapping. Historical Society of New Mexico. August 1984. http://www.newmexicohistory.org/story2.php?catid=731. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
- ^ a b Stations – New Mexico Rail Runner Express
- ^ Grimm, Julie Ann (December 17, 2008). "Delays, struck cow mark Rail Runner's first day, but riders optimistic". The Santa Fe New Mexican. http://www.santafenewmexican.com/Local%20News/Delays-mark-first-morning-of-commuter-train-service. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ "New Mexico Rail Runner Express weekday schedule" (PDF). http://www.nmrailrunner.com/PDF/Weekday%20Schedule%20SF%2012-08.pdf. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ "Rail Runner schedule page". Nmrailrunner.com. April 12, 2010. http://www.nmrailrunner.com/schedule.asp. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Richards, C Fenton Jr (2001). Santa Fe – The Chief Way. Second Printing, 2005. Robert Strein & John Vaughn. New Mexico Magazine. ISBN 0-937206-71-7.
- ^ a b c d Dorin, Patrick C. (2004). Santa Fe Passenger Trains in the Streamlined Era. design and layout by Megan Johnson. USA: TLC Publishing, Inc.. ISBN 1-883089-99-9.
- ^ Herron, Gary (December 22, 2008). "Media and politicians enjoy inaugural ride, public opening met with delays". The Observer (UK). http://www.observer-online.com/articles/2008/12/21/news/doc494d4df4b3d01455138411.txt. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ Proctor, Cathy (May 15, 2005). "Idea floated for Front Range rail line". http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2005/05/16/story2.html.
- ^ "Southwest Chief passenger timetable". Amtrak. October 2008. http://www.amtrak.com/timetable/oct08/P03.pdf. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ Blaszak, Michael W. (2009). "Speed, Signals, and Safety". Fast Trains. Classic Trains Special Edition No. 7 (Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Co.): 47. ISBN 978-0-89024-763-1.
- ^ "Sunset Limited passenger timetable". Amtrak. January 2009. http://www.amtrak.com/timetable/jan09/P01.pdf. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ Ohtake, Miyoko (August 25, 2007). "Virgin Galactic Preps for Liftoff at World's First Commercial Spaceport". Wired Magazine (15:10). http://www.wired.com/science/space/magazine/15-10/st_spaceport. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ a b Robinson-Avila (December 31, 2008). "NM Spaceport, Virgin Galactic sign 20-year lease". New Mexico Business Weekly. http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/12/29/daily19.html. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ a b "First Commercial Spaceport Gets Green Light". Discovery Channel. December 19, 2008. http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/12/19/spaceport-commercial.html. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ UP Aerospace does launches ‘quickly and cheaply’, DenverBiz Journal, October 2008 [5]
- ^ "News Release 03.04.2008 / Spaceport Sweden and Virgin Galactic". http://www.virgingalactic.com/htmlsite/news.php. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ Le Nouveau-Mexique abolit la peine de mort [archive] in Le Monde of March 19, 2009
- ^ "NM Secretary of State's Office official web site". Sos.state.nm.us. http://www.sos.state.nm.us. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ "NM Attorney General's Office official web site". Ago.state.nm.us. http://www.ago.state.nm.us. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ "NM State Auditor's Office official web site". Saonm.org. http://www.saonm.org. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ "NM State Lands official web site". Nmstatelands.org. http://www.nmstatelands.org. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ "NM State Treasurer's Office official web site". Stonm.org. http://www.stonm.org. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ "Voter Registration Statistics" (PDF). New Mexico Secretary of State Elections Bureau. http://www.sos.state.nm.us/pdf/COUNTY013111.pdf. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
- ^ http://www.sos.state.nm.us/pdf/COUNTY0419.pdf
- ^ "Venture Capitals". Wired. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.07/silicon_pr.html. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ "Popejoy Hall". http://www.popejoypresents.com. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
- ^ "KiMo Theater". http://www.cabq.gov/kimo/. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
- ^ {{ |url=http://www.aapacnm.org/content.asp?CustComKey=351038&CategoryKey=351039&pn=Page&DomName=aapacnm.org%7Caccessdate=May 15, 2012}}
- ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.indianpueblo.org%7Ctitle=Indian Pueblo Cultural Center|Access Date=May 15, 2012
- ^ http://www.zarzuela.net/ref/feat/newmexico.htm
- ^ http://www.newmexico.org/hispanic/experience/flamenco.php
- ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.genordell.com/travel/NMauthors.htm%7Ctitle=New Mexico Authors Page|Access Date=May 15, 2012
- ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.silvercity.org/arts_list.php%7CTitle=Silver City Art|Access Date=May 15, 2012
- ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.visitmadridnm.com/%7Ctitle=Madrid Art|Access Date=May 15, 2012
- ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.las-cruces.org/en/Departments/Public%20Services/Services/Museums.aspx%7Ctitle=City of Las Cruces|Access Date=May 15, 2012
- ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.staysunny.org/ThingsToDo/Museums.aspx/%7Ctitle=Las Cruces Convention and Visitors Bureau|Access Date=May 15, 2012
- ^ "High Hopes: Altitude Training for Swimmers", by Michael Scott, SwimmingworldMagazine.com magazine archives [6] (10-15-08)
Further reading
- Beck, Warren. Historical Atlas of New Mexico 1969.
- Chavez, Thomas E. An Illustrated History of New Mexico, 267 pages, University of New Mexico Press 2002, ISBN 0-8263-3051-7
- Bullis, Don. New Mexico: A Biographical Dictionary, 1540–1980, 2 vol, (Los Ranchos de Albuquerque: Rio Grande, 2008) 393 pp. ISBN 978-1-890689-17-9
- Gonzales-Berry, Erlinda, David R. Maciel, eds. The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico, 314 pages – University of New Mexico Press 2000, ISBN 0-8263-2199-2
- Gutiérrez; Ramón A. When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846 (1991)
- Hain; Paul L., F. Chris Garcia, Gilbert K. St. Clair; New Mexico Government 3rd ed. (1994)
- Horgan, Paul, Great River, The Rio Grande in North American History, 1038 pages, Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, ISBN 0-585-38014-7, Pulitzer Prize 1955
- Larson, Robert W. New Mexico's Quest for Statehood, 1846–1912 (1968)
- Nieto-Phillips, John M. The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico, 1880s–1930s, University of New Mexico Press 2004, ISBN 08236324231
- Simmons, Marc. New Mexico: An Interpretive History, 221 pages, University of New Mexico Press 1988, ISBN 0-8263-1110-5, good introduction
- Szasz; Ferenc M., and Richard W. Etulain, eds. Religion in Modern New Mexico (1997)
- Trujillo, Michael L. Land of Disenchantment: Latina/o Identities and Transformations in Northern New Mexico (2010) 265 pages; An experimental ethnography that contrasts life in the Espanola Valley with the state's commercial image as the "land of enchantment."
- Weber; David J. Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans (1973), primary sources to 1912
Primary sources
- Ellis, Richard, ed. New Mexico Past and Present: A Historical Reader. 1971. primary sources
- Tony Hillerman, The Great Taos Bank Robbery and other Indian Country Affairs, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1973, trade paperback, 147 pages, (ISBN 0-8263-0530-X), fiction
External links
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- State Government
- New Mexico Government
- New Mexico's Blue Book On-Line – State of New Mexico, Secretary of State (print almanac of statistics and information)
- Bureau of Elections New Mexico Major and Minor Political Parties
- New Mexico State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by New Mexico state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
- Bureau of Business and Economic Research (BBER) at University of New Mexico (statistical information about the New Mexico economy)
- U.S. Government
- New Mexico State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Energy Profile for New Mexico– Economic, environmental, and energy data
- New Mexico – Science In Your Backyard – United States Geological Society
- "American Southwest" – Discover Our Shared Heritage travel itinerary – National Park Service
- New Mexico dataset – United States Census Bureau
- New Mexico state facts – Economic Research Service – United States Department of Agriculture
- Directory
- New Mexico at the Open Directory Project
- Tourism
- New Mexico travel guide from Wikitravel
- Flora of the Gila National Forest in New Mexico
Geographic data related to New Mexico at OpenStreetMap
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 New Mexico: Outline • Index  |
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 Sonora |
 Chihuahua Mexico |
| Preceded by Oklahoma |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on January 6, 1912 (47th) |
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This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
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New Mexico
Dansk (Danish)
n. - New Mexico
Français (French)
n. - Nouveau-Mexique
Deutsch (German)
n. - New Mexico
Português (Portuguese)
n. - Nova México
Español (Spanish)
n. - Nuevo México
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
新墨西哥州
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 新墨西哥州
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ניו מקסיקו
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