Abbas Mirza
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NaʾEb Al-Saltaneh Abbas Mirza
1789 - 1833
Crown prince of Iran and military leader of its forces against Russia.
Abbas Mirza was the son of Fath Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797 - 1834). In 1799, Abbas Mirza was declared the crown prince and became the governor of Azerbaijan, with Mirza Bozorg Qaʾem Maqam as his minister and mentor. Beginning in 1804, Iran became involved in a long, disastrous war with Russia in the Caucasus, which was under Iranian rule. The war ended in 1813 with defeat for Iran. Under the Treaty of Golestan, Iran ceded Georgia, Darband, Baku, Shirvan, Ganjeh, Karabagh, and Moghan to Russia. Boundaries were not well defined, which gave a pretext for the renewal of war by 1824. Abbas Mirza led the Iranian forces, which were no match for the better-equipped Russians. Iran was defeated in 1828, and Tabriz, Abbas Mirza's capital, was occupied. The Treaty of Turkmanchai, which ended the war, had dire consequences for Iran: It agreed to cede all the areas north of the Aras River; accept indemnity and capitulatory clauses; and pay 5 million tumans (approximately $10 to $25 million) to Russia before Tabriz was evacuated. As a result, not only was Iran's economy undermined, but also the indemnity and capitulatory clauses served as a model for all future treaties with European nations.
In the years that followed the treaty, Abbas Mirza tried to pacify eastern Iran, where rebellion was undermining governmental authority. He also set out to reestablish Iranian rule over Herat, now in northwest Afghanistan. He died during the second expedition, and his father, Fath Ali Shah, declared Abbas Mirza's son, the future Mohammad Shah Qajar, the new crown prince.
During his years as crown prince, Abbas Mirza had come into contact with many European envoys because he often carried out diplomatic negotiations for the shah. He believed that Iran needed to modernize its army and governmental administration. He employed European military advisers toward this end, first from France, then from Britain. He also sent Iranian students to Britain to study such subjects as medicine, arms manufacture, languages, and the arts, and he subsidized the translation of several useful books. His untimely death ended any positive results from this pursuit.
Bibliography
Algar, Hamid. Religion and State in Iran, 1785 - 1906: The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
Pakravan, E. Abbas Mirza. Tehran: Institut Franco-Iranien, 1958.
— MANSOUREH ETTEHADIEH UPDATED BY ERIC HOOGLUND
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Abbas Mirza
| Prince Abbas Mirza Na'eb-es-Saltaneh شاهزاده عباس ميرزا نايبالسلطنه |
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| Prince Abbas Mirza, 1821 | |
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| Reign | 1797-1833 |
| Successor | Mohammad Mirza |
| Dynasty | Qajar |
| Father | Fat'h Ali Shah |
| Mother | Asiyeh |
| Born | 26 August 1789 Amol, Mazandaran |
| Died | 25 October 1833 (aged 44) Mashhad, Iran |
| Burial | Mashhad |
Prince, Field-Marshal Abbas Mirza (عباس میرزا آملی in Persian) born Navaa village (August 26, 1789 - October 25, 1833), was a Qajar crown prince of Persia. He developed a reputation as a military commander during wars with Russia and the Ottoman Empire,[1] as an early modernizer of Persia's armed forces and institutions, and for his death before his father, Fath Ali Shah. Abbas was an intelligent prince, possessed some literary taste, and is noteworthy on account of the comparative simplicity of his life.
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Biography
He was a younger son of Fath Ali Shah, but on account of his mother's royal birth was destined by his father to succeed him. Entrusted with the government of a part of Persia, he sought to rule it in European fashion, and employed officers to reorganize his army. He was soon at war with Russia, and his aid was eagerly solicited by both England and Napoleon, anxious to checkmate one another in the East. Preferring the friendship of France, Abbas Mirza continued the war against Russia's General Kotlyarevsky, but his new ally could give him very little assistance. Kotlyarevsky defeated the numerically superior Persian army in the Battle of Aslanduz and in October, 1813, Persia was compelled to make a disadvantageous peace, ceding some territory in the Caucasus (present-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of the Republic of Azerbaijan).
He gained some victories during the war 1821 war between the Ottoman Empire and Persia, resulting in a peace treaty signed in 1823 after the Battle of Erzurum. The war was a victory for Persia. His second war with Russia, which began in 1826, ended in a string of costly defeats after which Persia was forced to cede nearly all of its Armenian territories and Nakhchivan. When the peace treaty was signed in February, 1828, Abbas Mirza sought to restore order in the province of Khorasan, which was nominally under Persian supremacy, and while engaged in the task died at Mashhad in 1833. In 1834 his eldest son, Mohammed Mirza, succeeded Fath Ali Shah as the next king. R. G. Watson (History of Persia, 128-9) describes him as “the noblest of the Kajar race”.[2]
He is most remembered for his valor in battle and his failed attempts to modernize the Persian army. He was not successful in part due to the lack of government centralization in Iran during the era. Furthermore, it was Abbas Mirza who first dispatched Iranian students to Europe for a western education.[3]
Sons
- Prince Mohammed Mirza, to become Mohammad Shah Qajar
- Prince Bahram Mirza Mo'ez ed-Dowleh
- Prince Djahangir Mirza
- Prince Bahman Mirza
- Prince Fereydoun Mirza Nayeb-ol-Eyaleh
- Prince Eskandar Mirza
- Prince Khosrow Mirza
- Prince Ghahreman Mirza
- Prince Ardeshir Mirza Rokn ed-Dowleh
- Prince Ahmad Mirza Mo'in ed-Dowleh
Abbas Mirza's sons
- Prince Ja'far Gholi Mirza
- Prince Mostafa Gholi Mirza
- Prince Soltan Morad Mirza Hessam-al-Saltaneh
- Prince Manouchehr Mirza
- Prince Farhad Mirza Mo'tamed ed-Dowleh
- Prince Firouz Mirza Nosrat ed-Dowleh
- Prince Khanlar Mirza Ehtesham ed-Dowleh
- Prince Bahador Mirza
- Prince Mohammad Rahim Mirza
- Prince Mehdi Gholi Mirza
- Prince Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat ed-Dowleh
- Prince Ildirim Bayazid Mirza
- Prince Lotfollah Mirza Shoa'a ed-Dowleh
- Prince Mohammad Karim Mirza
- Prince Ja'ffar Mirza
- Prince Abdollah Mirza
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 1
- ^ Lockhart, L. "Abbas Mirza." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007
- ^ Patrick Clawson and Michael Rubin. Eternal Iran. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p.34
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abbas Mirza". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abbas_Mirza.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Abbas Mirza Qajar |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Abbas Mirza. |
- The Persian Encyclopedia, articles on Abbas Mirza, Persia-Russia Wars, Persia-Ottoman wars, Golestan Treaty, and Torkaman-Chay Treaty.
- Modern Iran. Keddie, Nikki.
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