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This list of academic ranks identifies the hierarchical ranking structure found amongst scholars in academia, whether tenured or non-tenured. The lists below refer specifically to colleges and universities throughout the world, although other institutions of higher learning may follow a similar schema.

Contents

Argentina

Main article: Academic ranks (Argentina)

Professors

  • Profesor Titular Plenario Honorary degree, the professor has the same duties and rights as a Profesor Titular.
  • Profesor Titular
  • Profesor Asociado
  • Profesor Adjunto (The first rank with which a professor can be the head of a teaching team, a "cátedra").

Other professorships

  • Profesor Emérito a retired tenured faculty member who demonstrated excellency in both teaching and researching
  • Profesor Consulto also a retired faculty member who provides assistance in specific knowledge areas
  • Profesor Honorario an honorary mostly ceremonial position
  • Profesor Invitado
  • Profesor Contratado (for a certain period)

Teaching auxiliaries or assistants

  • Jefe de Trabajos Prácticos (In many universities, holding a doctorate is now a non-formal requirement for this post.)
  • Ayudante Diplomado, Ayudante de Primera Categoría
  • Ayudante de Segunda Categoría or Ayudante Alumno (for undergraduate students)

Australia and New Zealand

Main article: Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)

Teaching and Research Positions

  • Professor - Level E
  • Associate Professor and/or Reader - Level D
  • Senior Lecturer - Level C
  • Lecturer - Level B
  • Associate or Assistant Lecturer, Senior Tutor, Tutor, Research Officer - Level A

Research Only Positions

  • Professor - Senior Principal Research Fellow (Level E)
  • Associate Professor - Principal Research Fellow (Level D)
  • Senior Research Fellow (Level C)
  • Research Fellow (Level B)
  • Post-Doctoral Research Fellow (Level A)

Bangladesh

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor
  • Lecturer
  • Demonstrator

Belgium

Flemish community

  • Gewoon hoogleraar (Full Professor)(Professor Ordinarius)
  • Buitengewoon hoogleraar (Full Professor)(Professor Extraordinarius)
  • Hoogleraar (Professor)
  • Hoofddocent (Senior Lecturer)
  • Docent (Lecturer)
  • Doctor-assistant (postdoc research assistant)
  • Assistent (research assistant)

Administrative ranks

  • Rector
  • Vice-Rector
  • Decaan (dean, i.e. head of a faculty)

French community

  • Professeur ordinaire (Full Professor)
  • Professeur extraordinaire (Full Professor)
  • Professeur (Professor)
  • Chargé de cours définitif (Associate Professor, tenured)
  • Chargé de cours temporaire (Assistant Professor, tenure-track)
  • Chargé de cours invité (Visiting Assistant Professor, non-tenured)
  • Maître de conférences (Associate Professor, tenured)
  • Directeur de recherche (Research director, appointed by federal research council FNRS)
  • Chef de travaux agrégé (Senior researcher with teaching aggregation, with Ph.D.)
  • Maître de Conférences (Senior researcher, with Ph.D., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
  • Chef de travaux (Senior researcher, with Ph.D.)
  • Chercheur qualifié (Senior researcher., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
  • Premier assistant (Senior research assistant, with Ph.D.)
  • Chargé de recherche (Researcher, typically post.doc., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
  • Assistant de recherche (Research assistant)

Administrative ranks

  • Recteur (President of University)
  • Vice-Recteur
  • 'Doyen (Dean, i.e. head of a faculty, elected)
  • 'Président d'institut (Director of research institute, elected)
  • 'Vice-Doyen (Vice-Dean, i.e. head of studies in a faculty)
  • 'Président de département (Department head, elected)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

  • Asistent - Assistant (Must hold at least Masters Degree with excellent grades. Relevant working experience could be required as well)
  • Docent - Assistant Professor (Must hold PhD, Doctorate or pre-Bologna Magister Degree with evidence of further study to doctoral level. Relevant working experience could be required as well)
  • Vanredni profesor - Associate Professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)
  • Profesor - Full professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor - Rector / Chancellor / Head of University
  • Prorektor - Prorector / Vice-Chancellor / Head of University Assistant
  • Dekan - Dean / Head of Faculty or School at the University
  • Prodekan - Vice-Dean / Head of Faculty or School at the University
  • Šef katedre - Head of department

Honorary ranks

  • Profesor Emeritus - Professor emeritus

Brazil

At the State Universities the academic rank system is:

  • Professor Titular (MS-6): equivalent to a "full professor" in the US
  • Professor Associado (MS-5): must hold a Livre Docente title (equivalent to a German Habilitation)
  • Professor Doutor (MS-3): must hold a doctorate; equivalent to an "assistant professor" in the US
  • Professor Assistente (MS-2): must hold a master's or equivalent degree
  • Auxiliar de Ensino (MS-1): only a bachelor's degree is required

In the Federal Universities the academic ranks receive other names:(In portuguese)

  • Professor Titular
  • Professor Associado, levels A, B and C (or I, II, III)
  • Professor Adjunto, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
  • Professor Assistente, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
  • Professor Auxiliar, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)

More information: (In portuguese)

Bulgaria

  • Assistant Professor – Асистент
  • Chief Assistant Professor – Главен Асистент
  • Docent – Доцент – Associate Professor
  • Professor – Професор – Full Professor

Administrative ranks

  • Rector
  • Vice-Rectors
  • Assistant Rector
  • Secretary General
  • Academic ?Ombudsman?

Canada

Faculty appointment

  • Distinguished Professor or University Professor (Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University Professor Emeritus)
  • Professor or Full Professor (Research Professor, Visiting Professor, Adjunct Professor, Professor Emeritus)
  • Associate Professor (Research Associate Professor, Visiting Associate Professor, Adjunct Associate Professor)
  • Assistant Professor (Research Assistant Professor, Adjunct Assistant Professor)
  • Lecturer or Instructor (Sessional Lecturer or Sessional Instructor)

Assistant Professor is the entry-level rank for non-tenured members of faculty.

Non-faculty teaching and research personnel

Administrative ranks

  • Dean (often also Full Professors)
  • Associate Dean (often also Full Professors)
  • Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Chairs of Academic Departments (usually Full Professors)
  • Graduate Coordinators
  • Undergraduate Coordinators

China, People's Republic of

[note 1]

  • Principal Professor (in Chinese: 首席教授, on exists in some Chinese universities)
  • Emeritus Professor (in Chinese: 退休教授)

Principal faculty ranks in the mainland of PR China are:

Academic trainee ranks in the mainland of PR China are:

Academic title awards for certain purposes:

  • Honorary Professor (in Chinese: 名誉教授, usually for people with great academic or social contribution)
  • Guest Professor (in Chinese: 客座教授, usually for famous scholars of other schools)
  • Distinguished Professor (in Chinese: 特聘教授, usually for people with great achievement in certain field)

Administrative ranks

  • President (in Chinese: 校長)
  • Vice-President (in Chinese: 副校長)
  • Registrar (in Chinese: 教務長) and Secretary of the party committee (in Chinese: 黨委書記)
  • Dean (in Chinese: 院長)
  • Deputy Dean or Associate Dean (in Chinese: 副院長) of schools and faculties
  • Associate Secretary of the party committee (in Chinese: 黨委副書記)
  • Director (in Chinese: 所長/主任) of academic centre and Director (in Chinese: 系主任) of academic departments

Croatia

  • Redoviti profesor u trajnom zvanju equivalent to Distinguished Professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
  • Redoviti profesor equivalent to Full Professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
  • Izvanredni profesor equivalent to Professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
  • Docent equivalent to Associate Professor (doc. dr. sc. Name Surname)
  • Viši asistent equivalent to Senior Assistant Professor
  • Asistent equivalent to Assistant Professor

Honorary academic rank

  • Professor Emeritus - awarded to some Full Professors in retirement

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor equivalent to Rector, Head of University (in USA equivalent to President of University)
  • Prorektor equivalent to Prorector, assistant to Head of University (in USA equivalent to Vice-President of University)
  • Dekan equivalent to Dean, Head of Faculty or School in University
  • Prodekan equivalent to Vice-Dean, assistant to Dean
  • Pročelnik odsjeka equivalent to Head of Department
  • Predstojnik zavoda equivalent to Head of Department
  • Predstojnik katedre equivalent to Head of Chair

Cyprus

Czech Republic and Slovakia

  • Profesor (Professor), both degree and position. Professors are appointed by the president after a successful accomplishment of řízení o udělení profesury (process of awarding a professorship). One of the requirements is an already accomplished docent degree.
  • Docent (Associate Professor), both degree and position. The degree is awarded by the rector after a certain amount of years of teaching and after a successful accomplishment of habilitace (a process concluded by a defense of a reviewed research manuscript and a public lecture).
  • Odborný asistent (lecturer / researcher), this title covers positions from lecturers to researchers. Requirements for lecturers / researchers vary, usually a Ph.D. is required.
  • Asistent (assistant lecturer), at least Master degree is required.

Administrative

  • Rektor (Rector), head of the University
  • Prorektor (Vice-Rector), typically 3 to 5 people are vice-rectors; the position is usually further specified by indicating domain a vice-rector is responsible for (e. g. research, communication, study-related issues)
  • Kvestor (Registrar, Bursar), a "manager" of the University
  • Děkan (Slovak: Dekan, English: Dean), head of a faculty
  • Proděkan (Slovak: Prodekan, English: Vice-Dean)
  • Ředitel (Slovak: Riaditeľ, English: Director), head of a sub-unit at a faculty (e.g. institute, research center)
  • Vedoucí katedry (Slovak: Vedúci katedry, English: Departmental Chair), sometimes at the same level as director

Denmark

Administrative positions:

  • Rektor (Rector)
  • Dekan (Dean), head of a faculty (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)
  • Institutleder (Department manager), head of a department (computer science, mathematics etc.)

Academic positions:

  • Professor
  • Lektor (Associate professor), time traditionally divided as 50-40-10 between teaching, research, and administration
  • Adjunkt (Assistant Professor), usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as lektor, although sometimes a little more time for research
  • Post-doc, generally a research position, but with the possibility of teaching
  • Ekstern Lektor Part time teaching at university. Does not normally require a research degree (PhD or equivalent)

Egypt

  • MOA'ED (معيد), or Teaching Assistant.
  • MODARESS MOSAED (مدرس مساعد), Senior Teaching Assistant (with Master’s degree)
  • MODARESS (مدرس), equivalent to Assistant Professor in American Universities (with PhD)
  • OSTATH(the "TH" pronounced like in the word "THE") MOSAED (أستاذ مساعد), equivalent to Associate Professor.
  • OSTATH (أستاذ) (the "TH" pronounced like in the word "THE"), equivalent to Professor (usually after minimum of five years serving as OSTATH MOSAED)

Finland

There are a specific number of posts, which can be applied to when they are vacated or established. A Professor, for example, is a leader of a laboratory or a group. One of the idiosyncracies of the Finnish system is the absence of assistant and associate professors, as well as the limited number of full professorships.

  • Kansleri Chancellor (only in the Universities of Helsinki, Tampere, Turku and in Åbo Akademi).
  • Rehtori (Rector)
  • Vararehtori (Vice Rector)
  • Dekaani (Dean)
  • Laitoksen johtaja or Osastonjohtaja (Head of Department)
  • Professori (Professor).
  • Dosentti (Adjunct Professor), is not necessarily permanently associated with the university but holds the right to teach (Latin: venia docendi) and supervise Ph.D. students, and has academic merits significantly exceeding a Ph.D. degree similarly to German Privatdozent and Swedish docent.
  • Lehtori or yliopistonlehtori (Lecturer), teaching-oriented faculty position usually requiring a PhD.
  • Yliassistentti (Senior Assistant, Assistant Professor), post-doc or senior Ph. D student position), laboratorioinsinööri (Laboratory Engineer) a formally administrative position, the holders of which often conduct research and teach, however.
  • Yliopisto-opettaja (University Teacher), a junior teaching-oriented faculty position.
  • Assistentti (Assistant), tohtorikoulutettava (Doctoral student) and tutkija (Research Associate, Research Scientist) are positions intended for doctoral students
  • Tutkimusapulainen (Research Assistant) is a Bachelor's or Master's student position
  • Ylioppilas (Student)

France

Main article: Academic rank in France

University

  • PRCE is a Professeur certifié teaching in university

The Professeur certifié is recruited through the CAPES and teatch in secondary education.

  • PRAG is Professeur agrégé teaching in university. PRAGs are responsible for a greater number of teaching hours than Maîtres de Conférences and full Professors. It can be a permanent position in the university.

The Professeur agrégé is recruited through the Agrégation and teach in secondary education.

A Professeur agrégé can also teach in écoles normales supérieures as AGPR (for agrégé préparateur).

  • chargé d'enseignement

Temporary teaching position usually hold by practitioners in their filed. These individuals may hold a Ph.D., though not always. In the US system it is roughly equivalent to the rank of Adjunct Professor or Instructor.

  • Doctorant contractuel ([1])

Doctorant contractuel is PhD candidate who have obtained a 3-years non renewable research grant (called contrat doctoral). They are excepted to work on a Ph.D. thesis and to participate in research activities.

  • ATER for Attaché temporaire d'enseignement et de recherche.

ATERs are last year Ph.D. candidate or have just completed a Ph.D. It's a one-year contract renewable once. ATER is a teaching and research position.

  • Maître de Conférences (with or without an habilitation to direct doctoral theses, known as HDR).

Permanent position equivalent to the rank of Assistant Professor (or Associate Professor, assuming experience and publications) in North America, and Senior Lecturer in the United Kingdom. (Note that the permanent position is not the same as tenure, strictly speaking, but is instead due to the status of civil servant in public universities.)

  • Professeur des Universités (Full Professor). Permanent position in the university with a "habilitation" (HDR) to direct doctoral theses.

Grandes Écoles

  • vacataire or chargés d'enseignements (i.e. Instructor)
  • professeur affilié (i.e. Adjunct professor)
  • professeur assistant (i.e. Assistant professor)
  • professeur associé (i.e. Associate professor)
  • professeur (i.e. Full professor)

Germany

Appointment grades

  • Professor (Pay grade: W3)
  • Professor (W2)
  • Hochschuldozent (W2, only in Baden-Württemberg)
  • Juniorprofessor (not tenured) (W1)
  • Juniordozent (not tenured) (W1, only in Baden-Württemberg)
  • Akademischer Rat/Oberrat/Direktor auf Lebenszeit (A13, A14, A15)
  • Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter auf Zeit, Akademischer Rat auf Zeit (TVöD, A13 a.Z.)
  • Akademischer Mitarbeiter auf Zeit (TVöD only in Baden-Württemberg)
  • Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft (TdL)
  • Studentische Hilfskraft (TdL)

Non-appointment grades

  • Privatdozent
  • Außerplanmäßiger Professor (conferred, in some German States, to a Privatdozent, who has been in service for several years, without formally being appointed as Professor.)

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor, Präsident - Rector or President, highest representative of the University or Polytechnic, elected
  • Prorektor, Vizepräsident, Prorector or Vice President, elected
  • Kanzler - Chancellor, administrative head, often a permanent job
  • Dekan - Dean, elected
  • Institutsdirektor - Head of department, elected

Greece

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor
  • Lecturer
  • Adjunct Lecturer or Adjunct Assistant Professor (a temporary employee with a short-term contract, usually for one semester, usually holder of a Ph.D. as described in the Greek Presidential Decree 407/1980. Adjunct Lecturers are sometimes called simply as "407", after the number of the Decree)
  • Teaching Assistant (This rank was abolished in 1982, but people holding it remain Teaching Assistants until retirement.)

The prefix of Professor is only assumed by Professors and Professors Emeriti, not by Associate, or Assistant Professors.

Administrative ranks

  • Rector
  • Vice-Rector
  • Secretary General
  • Dean
  • Deputy Dean
  • Chairman of the Department
  • Deputy Chairman of the Department
  • Director of the Section

The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors. The only exception is Secretary General, who is not a faculty member.

Guyana

Administrative ranks

Hong Kong

In the past, Hong Kong followed the British system (4 levels). In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence (professor, associate professor, and assistant professor). Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably The University of Hong Kong is in the process of transition.[2] Depending on institutions, the title of "Professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.

Hungary

Teaching staff At universities ("egyetem")

  • Professzor emeritus (emeritus professor, always with a special habilitation, and usually with a DSc. = Doctor of Science, a National Academy awarded title)
  • Egyetemi tanár (university professor, always with a special habilitation, and usually with a DSc.);
  • Egyetemi docens (reader (UK)/associate professor (US)/professor, always with Ph.D.)
  • Adjunktus (senior lecturer (UK)/assistant professor(US)/associate professor, always with Ph.D. since 2005 or with rank of mestertanár = "master lecturer")
  • Tanársegéd (graduate teaching assistant (UK)/ instructor (US), generally without PhD.)

At college level ('főiskola')

  • Főiskolai tanár (college professor, always with a Ph.D., and usually with a special habilitation)
  • Főiskolai docens (college reader (UK)/ college associate professor (US), usually with Ph.D.)
  • Adjunktus (senior lecturer (UK)/assistant professor(US), sometimes without a Ph.D.)
  • Tanársegéd (graduate teaching assistant (UK)/instructor (US), generally without Ph.D.).

Research staff at universities/institutes

  • Kutatóprofesszor (honored professor with special habilitation, and usually with /minimally correspondent/ membership of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences)
  • Tudományos tanácsadó (research professor with special habilitation, usually with D.Sc.)
  • Tudományos főmunkatárs (honored senior research fellow with Ph.D.)
  • Tudományos munkatárs (associate research fellow with Ph.D.)
  • Tudományos segédmunkatárs (funded research assistant usually without Ph.D.)

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor (Rektor - at least with a "docens" rank, usually an "egyetemi tanár" with D.Sc.)
  • Rektorhelyettes (Vice-Rektor)
  • Főigazgató (Deputy Principal)
  • Dékán (Dean of Faculty)
  • Dékánhelyettes (Vice-Dean)
  • Gazdasági főigazgató
  • Tanszékvezető (Head of Department)

Indonesia

There are 9 ranks, in total, which can be categorized to 4 main levels.

  • Level 1: Asisten Ahli (Associate Lecturer)
  • Level 2: Lektor (Lecturer)
  • Level 3: Lektor Kepala (Senior Lecturer)
  • Level 4: Guru Besar (Professor)

Level 1: Asisten Ahli (Associate Lecturer):

  • Asisten Ahli - Rate 100
  • Asisten Ahli - Rate 150

Level 2: Lektor (Lecturer):

  • Lektor - Rate 200
  • Lektor - Rate 300

Level 3: Lektor Kepala (Senior Lecturer)

  • Lektor Kepala - Rate 400
  • Lektor Kepala - Rate 550
  • Lektor Kepala - Rate 700

Level 4: Guru Besar (Professor)

  • Guru Besar Madya (Associate Professor) - Rate 850
  • Guru Besar (Professor) - Rate 1050

Administrative ranks Universitas (University)

  • Rektor (Rector)
  • Wakil Rektor (Vice Rector)

Fakultas-Fakultas (University Schools)

  • Dekan (Dean)
  • Wakil Dekan (Vice Dean)
  • Kepala Program Studi (Head of Programme)

Iran

  • Ostád Momtáz (Distinguished Professor)
  • Ostád (Professor)
  • Dánešyár (Associate Professor)
  • Ostádyár (Assistant Professor)
  • Morabbi (Lecturer)

Emeritus ranks

Administrative ranks

  • Chancellor
  • Dean
  • Head of Department

Iraq

  • Professor
  • Assistant Professor
  • Lecturer
  • Assistant Lecturer

Israel

Tenured and tenure-track positions

  • Professor Emeritus/Emerita (Full Professor who has retired)
  • Full Professor [Hebrew: "Professor Min HaMinyan"]
  • Associate Professor [Hebrew: "Professor Khaver"]
  • Senior Lecturer (Tenured position) [Hebrew: "Martze Bakhir"]
  • Lecturer [Hebrew: "Martze"]

Italy

Faculty (all these positions are tenured or tenure-track):

  • Professore Emerito (Full Professor after retirement age whose high importance in academic field has been credited by the Faculty Council: it is just a honorific title, although, in some cases, a Professore Emerito is allowed to keep his/her office for up to two years)
  • Professore Ordinario, but more precisely: Professore di I fascia (Full Professor; tenured position)
  • Professore Straordinario (a professor taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as Full Professor)
  • Professore Associato, but more precisely: Professore di II fascia (Associate Professor; tenured position)
  • Professore Associato non confermato: Professore di II fascia taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as Professore Associato
  • Professore aggregato (a Faculty Researcher with a temporary appointment for a given course)
  • Ricercatore confermato (Assistant Professor or Researcher; tenured position)
  • Ricercatore non confermato (Assistant Professor or Researcher in tenure-track; a researcher taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as Researcher; ; no position of Ricercatore can be created after an Italian university reform in 2010, but whoever achieved this role before will keep his right to be tenured after the first three years)
  • Assistente (The former entry level of permanent positions before Ricercatore replaced it in the early 1980s. No position of Assistente were created since then, but some personnel kept the title, though most of them became Ricercatore confermato)

Non-faculty and temporary:

  • Professore a contratto (Professor with a temporary appointment for a given course or lecture series)
  • Professore incaricato (The former name, before 1980, for Professore a contratto)
  • Assegnista di Ricerca (Research fellow with a temporary position, usually holding a Ph.D. title)
  • Dottorando di Ricerca (Ph.D. student)

Notice that as of January 2011, some changes have been introduced in the above system.

Administrative ranks

  • Rettore (Rector)
  • Prorettore (Vice-Rector)
  • Preside (Dean of Faculty)
  • Presidente di Consiglio di Corso di Laurea (Head of a Bachelor/Msc curriculum on a given topic)
  • Direttore di Dipartimento (Head of Department)

Japan

Tenured or non-tenured faculty[note 2]

  • Professor emeritus, Meiyo Kyōju (名誉教授?)
  • Professor, Kyōju (教授?)
  • Associate Professor, Junkyōju (准教授?)(previously, Jokyōju (助教授?)
  • Assistant Professor/(Full-time)Lecturer,Jokyōju (助教授?)) {
  • Assistant Professor/Research Associate, Jokyō (助教?) or Kōshi (講師?)

Kōshi (講師?)andJokyō (助教?) are likely to be non-tenure (most kōshi in the national university system are, however, tenured). Fellow,Kenkyūin (研究員?) and Assistant,Joshu (助手?) Tenured or non-tenured faculty[note 2]

Jordan

  • Professor (أستاذ)
  • Associate Professor (أستاذ مشارك)
  • Assistant Professor (أستاذ مساعد)
  • Lecturer (محاضر)
  • Assistant Lecturer (محاضر مساعد )

Korea

Tenure track positions:

  • (Full) Professor (정교수/교수)
  • Associate Professor (부교수)
  • Assistant Professor (조교수)
  • Full-Time Instructor (전임 강사) : In some universities, this rank is missed and full-time academic career begins with the Assistant Professor rank.

Other positions:

  • Part-Time Instructor (시간 강사)
  • Research Professor (연구 교수)
  • Clinical Professor (임상 교수)
  • Adjunct Professor (겸임 교수)
  • Visiting Professor (객원 교수/초빙 교수)
  • Chaired Professor (석좌 교수)
  • Emeritus Professor (명예 교수)

Macau SAR

At the University of Macau there are four levels of faculty rank, namely

At the Macau Polytechnic Institute there are three levels

  • professor (professor coordenador)
  • associate professor (professor adjuncto)
  • lecturer (assistente)

Macedonia

  • Demonstrator, Демонстратор-(Graduate employ in University)
  • Young Assistant, Помлад Асистент-(B.Sc.)
  • Assistant, Асистент-(M.Sc.)
  • Docent, Доцент-(Ph.D.)
  • Vonreden Professor, Вонреден Професор-(Associate Professor)
  • Professor, Професор-(Full Time Professor)
  • Professor Emeritus, Пензиониран Професор-(Retired Professor)
  • Academic, Академик-(Academician)

Malaysia

Academic positions (in descending hierarchy)[note 1]

  • Profesor DiRaja (Royal Professor, usually retired professors, title bestowed by King)
  • Profesor Emeritus (usually retired professors)
  • Senior Professor (a newly introduced rank mainly to denote salary and hierarchical difference)
  • Professor
  • Profesor Madya (Associate Professor)
  • Senior Lecturer
  • Lecturer/Tutor/Assistant Lecturer
  • Instructor (with pre-degree qualifications)

Administrative (in descending hierarchy)

  • Chancellor (Federal/State Ruler)
  • Pro Chancellor (non-executive)
  • Vice Chancellor
  • Deputy Vice Chancellor
  • Assistants Vice Chancellor
  • Deans of Faculties
  • Head of Programme

Mexico

  • Assistant Professor
  • Subject Professor
  • Full Time Professor
  • Research Professor
  • Professor Emeritus

Netherlands

  • Universiteitshoogleraar (a distinguished full professor)
  • Hoogleraar 1 (a senior full professor, leading a large department or university institute)
  • Hoogleraar 2 (a junior full professor, leading a research group)
  • Universitair Hoofddocent (an associate professor)
  • Universitair Docent (an assistant Professor)
  • Onderzoeker / Postdoc (a senior research fellow; postdoctoral fellow)
  • Junior Onderzoeker / Assistent in Opleiding / Promovendus (a junior researcher; Ph.D candidate employed by the university)
  • Docent (Lecturer, teaching staff usually not holding a Ph.D)
  • Student Assistent (Research or Teaching Assistant, (under)graduate student employed by university for research or teaching activities)

Administrative position

  • Rector Magnificus (Head of research and education of a university)
  • Decaan (dean; head of research and education of a faculty/school)
  • Department Chair

New Zealand

See under Australia and New Zealand (above)

Norway

Elected faculty positions:

  • Rektor (Rector; one per university; usually assisted by prorektor and sometimes viserektor)
  • Dekan or dekanus (males)/dekana (females) (Dean; one per faculty), sometimes assisted by a prodekan)

Professorial ranks:

  • Professor (full professor)
  • Professor emeritus/emerita (retired professor; unofficial title conferred to all former full professors, regardless of how they are currently employed)
  • Professor II (Part-time professor; professors II are often full professors in another institution than the one in which they are professor II, or employed in other positions, for instance as a consultant at a university hospital)

Postdoctoral ranks:

  • Dosent (Reader; abolished at universities in 1985 (when all docents became full professors), today mostly used in professional colleges)
  • Førsteamanuensis (associate professor)
  • Førstelektor (senior lecturer)
  • Postdoktor (senior research fellow; postdoctoral fellow)

Postgraduate ranks:

  • Amanuensis (assistant professor; rarely used in universities, somewhat more common in professional colleges)
  • Universitetslektor (university lecturer; lecturers in professional colleges are called høgskolelektor)
  • Stipendiat (research fellow)
  • Vitenskapelig assistent (research assistant; usually a graduate student)

Poland

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)

  • (pl asystent) - research-and-teaching assistant / research-and-teaching fellow (hold master degree)
  • (pl adiunkt) - assistant professor (requires PhD)
  • (pl docent) - senior lecturer (requires PhD or habilitation), (a new position since 2007, optional and only in some universities, does not involve any research duties and is meant mainly for teaching). Until 1987 a position between assistant professor and associate professor.
  • (pl profesor nadzwyczajny) - associate professor (requires habilitation), according to German nomenclature sometimes called "professor extraordinarius"
  • (pl profesor zwyczajny) - full professor (requires the professor title, which is an academic title, not an academic position), sometimes called "professor ordinarius"

and also for a special purpose:

  • (pl profesor wizytujący)- visiting professor
  • (pl profesor emerytowany)- professor emeritus

Teaching staff: (lower rank)

  • (pl instruktor) - instructor (sport)
  • (pl lektor) - instructor, foreign language teacher
  • (pl wykładowca) - lecturer
  • (pl starszy wykładowca) - senior lecturer

Elected or nominated posts

  • Rector (Rektor) - the principal head of the university (one per university); usually assisted by several deputy rectors (pl prorektor)
  • Dean (Dziekan); the principal head of the Faculty (one per faculty), usually assisted by several deputy deans (pl prodziekan);
  • Head (Kierownik) - the head of the Institute/Department/Chair (one per organizational unit)

Portugal

Both Professor Associado and Professor Auxiliar may have Habilitation, while that extra degree is mandatory to all applicants to the rank of Professor Catedrático. This is an additional degree to which one can apply to usually years after the PhD (similar to the French Agrégation). Agregação is a two days exam based on curriculum vitae evaluation and a public lecture, where the candidate is evaluated by secret vote by a large number of other full professors where the Professors insert a white or a black sphere into a bag according to his or her decision.

The 3 ranks of professors may also be held by invited professors, according to the rank, coming from out of the university.

Portuguese universities still have some few other teaching staff in two ranks not holding a PhD. These two ranks have been extinguished in 2009 and will vanish after all the ongoing contracts terminate in the next few years.

Romania

Administrative ranks

  • Rector ("Rector"; one per university; usually assisted by a "Prorector")
  • Dean ("Decan"; one per faculty; assisted by a "Prodecan")
  • Head of Department ("Şef de Catedră"; one per Department)

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)

  • professor ("profesor")
  • associate professor ("conferenţiar")
  • assistant professor ("lector" or "şef de lucrări")

and also for a special purpose:

  • visiting professor ("profesor vizitator")
  • professor emeritus ("profesor emerit" or "profesor consultant")

Teaching staff (lower rank)

  • teaching assistant or assistant lecturer ("asistent")
  • junior teaching assistant ("preparator")

Russia

  • Professor (Full Professor), usually Doctor of Sc.
  • Associate Professor (dozent, доцент), usually Cand. of Sc.
  • Lecturer - time divided equally between research and teaching (it can be both Professor or Dozent)
  • Senior instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
  • Instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
  • Assistant Professor (usually first academic level after Cand. of Sc. dissertation defence)
  • Research Assistant (research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty).

Administrative positions:

Slovenia

Asistent - Assistant (Must hold at least Bachelors degree with excellent grades, with evidence of further study to doctorate or pre-Bologna Magister level. Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well) Asistent-raziskovalec - Research assistant (Must hold at least Bachelors degree with excellent grades, with evidence of further study to doctorate or pre-Bologna Magister level. Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well) Lektor (usually a native speaker of a taught language) Docent - Assistant Professor (Must hold PhD. Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well.) Izredni profesor - Associate Professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent) Redni profesor - Full professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)

Administrative ranks Rektor - Rector / Chancellor / Head of University Prorektor - Prorector / Vice-Chancellor / Head of University Assistant Dekan - Dean / Head of Faculty, Academy or School at the University Prodekan - Vice-Dean / Head of Faculty, Academy or School at the University Predstojnik oddelka - Head of department; several per Faculty, Academy or School at the University

Honorary ranks Professor emeritus

South Africa

  • Chancellor (honorific)
  • Vice Chancellor
  • Dean
  • Extraordinary Professor
  • Senior Professor (Must hold a PhD, except in Accounting)
  • Professor (Must hold a PhD, except in Accounting, although sometimes appointed with still studying the PhD)
  • Senior Lecturer (Must hold a PhD, except in Accounting, although sometimes appointed with still studying the PhD)
  • Lecturer (Must hold a Masters degree, except in Accounting)
  • Junior Lecturer (Must hold a Honours degree, except in Accounting)
  • Research Assistant
  • Tutor, Student-Assistant, Demonstrator
  • Administrative Assistant
  • Senior Secretary

Administrative ranks

In Afrikaans-speaking universities the terms Rector and Vice-Rector are common, whereas English-speaking universities tend to favour the terms Principal and Vice-Principal. The use of Deputy Vice-Chancellor seems to be phasing out Pro-Vice-Chancellor.

Spain

Tenured:
  • Professor (Catedrático de Universidad) (Tenured, full/part time, civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required)
  • Full Professor (Profesor Pleno/Catedràtic Contractat) (Tenured, full time, not a civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required.
  • Associate Professor (Profesor Titular de Universidad) (Tenured, full/part time, civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required)
  • Associate Professor (Profesor Contratado Doctor) (Tenured, full time, not a civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required. Permanent position equivalent, but not the same, to Profesor Titular de Universidad)
  • Full-time Lecturer (Profesor Colaborador) (does not have to hold a PhD) (Lecturer, "acreditación" required, to be phased out)
  • Aggregate Professor (Profesor Agregado) (Tenured, full time, not a civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required. Permanent position equivalent to Profesor Titular de Universidad in Basque Country and Catalonia)
Non-tenured:
  • Private University Lecturer Profesor de Universidad Privada (must hold a PhD)
  • Lecturer (Profesor Ayudante Doctor) (must hold a PhD) (Profesor Adjunto in Basque Country, Professor Lector in Catalonia)
  • Teaching Assistant (Profesor Ayudante) (can not hold a PhD)
Other positions:
Teaching positions
  • Profesor Asociado (a part-time instructor who keeps a parallel job)
  • Visiting Professor (Profesor Visitante)
  • Professor Emeritus (Profesor Emérito)
  • Profesor Titular de Escuela Universitaria (Tenured, but whitouth Ph. D required, to be extinguished)
Research-only positions
  • Senior Technical Officer (Técnico Superior de Investigación)
  • Technical Officer (Técnico Medio de Investigación)

Administrative ranks

(University)
  • Rector (necessarily a Chair Professor)
  • Vicerectors
  • General Secretary
  • Manager
Faculties, University Schools and Technical Schools
  • Dean (Faculty) or Head (University or Technical School)
  • Vicedeans or Deputy Heads
  • Secretary
Research Institutes
  • Head of Research Institute
  • Deputy Head of Research Institute
  • Secretary of Research Institute
Departments
  • Head of Department
  • Deputy Head of Department
  • Secretary of department
Honorary Positions (Only in Catholic Universities)
  • Grand Chancellor
  • Vicechancellor

Sri Lanka

Administrative ranks

Sweden

Main article: Academic rank in Sweden

Note that there are official translations of titles available[3].

  • Professor (full professor, has a Ph.D. and is often also Docent)
  • Biträdande professor ("reader")
  • Tillförordnad professor / Adjungerad professor / Gästprofessor (Acting professor, adjoint professor, visiting professor, non-tenured ranks)
  • Docent (lacks official translation but "associate professor" can be used, and is normally appointed after reaching scientific production corresponding to the requirements of a double Ph.D.)
  • Lektor (lecturer, officially "associate professor", with a Ph.D. Usually tenured (Sw. "tillsvidareanställning"))
  • Adjunkt (instructor, without Ph.D. Usually tenured (Sw. "tillsvidareanställning")
  • Forskningsingenjör / PostDoc / Forskare / Forskarassistent (scientific staff ranks)
  • Doktorand (Ph.D. student with a grant, 4 years full time employment)
  • Forskarstuderande (Employed adjunkt studying towards Ph.D.)
  • Amanuens / Lektionsassistent (teaching assistant)

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor (President of University)
  • Prorektor
  • Vicerektor (assists the rektor within a particular area of responsibility, e.g. PhD training, teaching excellence, innovation, equal opportunity etc.)
  • Dekan, Dekanus (Dean, head of faculty, e.g. humanities, medicine etc.)
  • Prodekan, Prodekanus (Vice-Dean)
  • Prefekt (head of department, e.g. computer science, mathematics etc.)
  • Proprefekt (Deputy department head)

Serbia

  • Asistent (Assistant)
  • Docent (Assistant Professor)
  • Vanredni profesor (Associate Professor)
  • Profesor (Full professor)
  • Profesor Emeritus (Professor emeritus)

Administrative ranks

  • Rektor (Rector)
  • Dekan fakulteta (Dean of the faculty)
  • Šef katedre (Head of department)

Research ranks

  • Istraživač pripravnik (Research Trainee or Junior Researcher)
  • Istraživač saradnik (Research Assistant)
  • Naučni saradnik (Research Associate or Assistant Research Professor)
  • Viši naučni saradnik (Senior Research Associate or Associate Research Professor)
  • Naučni savetnik (Principal Research Fellow or Full Research Professor}}

Switzerland

German-language universities

[note 3]

  • Hilfassistent/innen: Undergraduate Research Assistant / Undergraduate Teaching Assistant
  • Assistent/innen: Research Assistant (typically a PhD student)
  • Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter/innen: Scientific Staff (Note: typically synonymous with "Assistent/innen")
  • Postdoc: Postdoc (i.e., after PhD)
  • Oberassistent/innen: Senior Researcher/Lecturer (typically after 1–2 years as a Postdoc)
  • Lehrbeauftragte: Lecturer
  • Gastdozent/innen: Visiting Lecturer
  • Assistent professor: Assistant Professor (requires PhD)
  • Privatdozent/innen: Senior Lecturer (has the Habilitation but not professorship)
  • Professor: Full Professor (ordinary and extraordinary)

French-language universities

  • Professeur ordinaire (full professor, chair)
  • Professeur extraordinaire
  • Professeur invité
  • Professeur associé (associate professor literally, yet functions as full professor or reader, non-chair, tenured)
  • Professeur assistant (assistant professor literally, yet functions as associate professor or senior lecturer, non-tenured)
  • Chargé de cours (Associate professor or Senior lecturer, tenured)
  • Privat docent (has the Habilitation but not professorship)
  • Maître-Assistant (Assistant professor or Lecturer, non-tenured)
  • Assistant (Lecturer, usually a graduate student)
  • Moniteur (Undergraduate student)

Taiwan

  • Professor Emeritus
  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor(Assistant Professor and above are mainly for people who hold a PhD degree. Some are promoted to this rank by distinctive industrial performance.)
  • Lecturer

Thailand

  • Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Assistant Professor
  • Lecturer

Other Academic ranks

  • Clinical Professor
  • Adjunct Professor
  • Adjunct Lecturer

Administrative ranks

  • President or Rector
  • Dean or Director
  • Department Head

Turkey

  • Profesör
  • Doçent, equivalent to Associate Professor
  • Yardımcı Doçent, equivalent to Assistant Professor
  • Doktor
  • Öğretim Görevlisi, equivalent to Lecturer
  • Okutman, equivalent to Instructor
  • Araştırma Görevlisi, equivalent to Research Assistant

Administrative ranks

  • Rektör, Rector or President (Professors)
  • Rektör Yardımcısı, Vice-Rector or Vice-President (Professors)
  • Fakülte Dekanı, Dean of the Faculty (Professors)
  • Dekan Yardımcısı, Vice-Dean or Associate Dean (often also Professors)
  • Bölüm Başkanı, Head of Department (often also Professors)
  • Ana Bilim Dalı Başkanı, Chair of Academic Programs (often also Professors)

United Kingdom

Teaching, research, and scholarship career pathway

Pre-/non-career grade: Teaching, research, and scholarship

Research career pathway

Pre-/non-career grade: Research career pathway

Emeritus ranks

  • Emeritus Professor
  • Emeritus Reader
  • Senior Fellow
  • Fellow

Administrative ranks: England, Wales, and Northern Ireland

  • Chancellor (titular)
  • Pro-Chancellor (titular)
  • Vice-Chancellor (some are referred to as Provost or President)
  • Deputy Vice-Chancellor
  • Pro-Vice-Chancellor
  • Deans of Faculties
  • Heads of Departments/Schools
  • Department/School Directors of Studies

Administrative ranks: Scotland

United States

Main article: Academic rank in the United States
  • Professor Emeritus (male) or Professor Emerita (female) (a title conferred at retirement upon professors who have made significant contributions to their field and/or institution)
  • University Professor or Institute Professor or Regents Professor (a special title not used by all universities)
  • Distinguished Professor (usually a "Named Chair"; not used by all universities)
  • Professor ("Named Chair"; that is, the title 'Professor' is preceded by the name of a person who has endowed a chair, such as "Sterling Professor of Playwriting"; not used by all universities; may be a tenured or visiting professorial rank)
  • Professor ("Full Professor", a tenured rank; this title is used by all institutions)
  • Professor of Practice (also Associate Professor of Practice, and Assistant Professor of Practice; non-tenure positions for professionals without traditional academic credentials and/or career paths, but instead recruited for their practical experience and expertise)
  • Associate Professor (generally a tenured rank; some institutions award tenure only to Full Professors.)
  • Assistant Professor (usually tenure-track; always the lowest rank of tenure-track faculty)
  • Assistant Researcher or Assistant Research Professor (usually non tenure-track; funded by research grants)
  • Assistant Professor in Residence or Faculty in Residence (non tenure-track; teaching-track faculty, considered a permanent position in an institution, and most likely has potential for promotion, to Associate or Professor in Residence. These individuals hold a PhD or terminal degree)
  • Adjunct Professor (an individual hired by an institution, on a temporary or limited-term basis)
  • Visiting Professor (as the name suggests, a professor visiting from another institution to teach for a limited term.)
  • Lecturer (Generally have a doctoral (or a terminal master's) degree; non-tenured, focused solely on teaching and sometimes administration, but generally not research. Some institutions may use "Lecturer" and "Instructor" interchangeably.)
  • Instructor (These individuals are on a non-tenured track, may not possess a Ph.D.)
  • Postdoctoral Fellow
  • Postdoctoral Associate
  • Fellow, Scholar, Teaching Fellow, or Visiting Fellow (Generally function as an instructor while working toward a Ph.D., or as postdoctoral research experience; usually funded by an endowment or scholarship.)
  • Research Associate (Graduate students who are sponsored by a professor or institution and tasked with conducting specific research for said professor or institution.)
  • Research Assistant (Usually are undergraduate students doing an internship, or graduate students working under an assistantship at an institution.)
  • Teaching Assistant
  • Grader

Administrative ranks Officers of the corporation

  • President or Chancellor
  • Provost (sometimes called 'Chancellor', or 'President', or 'Warden', or 'Executive Vice Chancellor')
  • Associate Provost (rare)
  • Assistant Provost (assists the Provost, as do any associates; not superior to vice presidents)
  • Vice-Chancellors or Vice Presidents (of Academic Affairs, Student Affairs, Finance, etc.)
  • Associate Vice-Chancellor or Associate Vice President
  • Assistant Vice-Chancellor or Assistant Vice President

Academic administrators

  • Deans (often also Full Professors)
  • Associate Deans (often also Full Professors)
  • Assistant Deans
  • Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments
  • Chairs or Heads of Academic Departments

Venezuela

  • Titular Professor (Profesor Titular)
  • Associated Professor (Profesor Asociado)
  • Aggregate Professor (Profesor Agregado)
  • Assistant Professor (Profesor Asistente)
  • Instructor (Instructor)

Dedication Rank

  • Exclusive Dedication Professor (Profesor a Dedicación Exclusiva)
  • Full Time Professor (Profesor a Tiempo Completo)
  • Contracted Professor (Porfesor a Tiempo Convencional - Academic Rank is usually optional)

Administrative Ranks (Public National)

  • University Council (Concejo Universitario - Órgano Colegiado)
  • Rector or Chairman (Rector)
  • University Secretary or Registar (Secretario)
  • Academic Vicerector (Vicerrector Académico)
  • Administrative Vicerector (Vicerrector Administrativo)
    • Faculty Council (Concejo de Facultad - Órgano Colegiado)
    • Dean (Decano - One per Faculty)
    • Vice-Dean (vicedecano - One per Faculty - It's optional)
    • Academic Council (Concejo Académico - Órgano Colegiado)
    • Dean's Council (Concejo Decanal - Órgano Colegiado)
      • School Council (Concejo de Escuela - Órgano Colegiado)
      • Principal (Director - One per School)
      • Vice-principal (Subdirector - One per School - It's optional)
        • Chief of Departament (Jefe de Departamento)
          • Chief of Chair (Jefe de Cátedra)

Other Professors

  • Professor-Researcher (Profesor Investigador)
  • Researcher (Investigador)
  • Retired Professor (Profesor Retirado)
  • Ad Honorem Professor (Profesor Ad Honorem)
  • Consultant Professor (Profesor Consultante)
  • Visiting Professor (Profesor Visitante)
  • Emergency Teacher (Emergancia Docente)

Auxiliary and Lab Assistants

  • Auxiliary Teacher I (Auxiliar Docente I)
  • Auxiliary Teacher II (Auxiliar Docente II)
  • Auxiliary Teacher III (Auxiliar Docente III)
  • Auxiliary Teacher IV (Auxiliar Docente IV)
  • Auxiliary Teacher V (Auxiliar Docente V)

Notes

  1. ^ a b Most universities in the People's Republic of China adopt a four-level academic rank system, i.e. professor, associate professor, lecturer, and teaching assistant. The American title of assistant professor does not exist. Most PhD graduates will be appointed at the lecturer level initially and receive the qualification to be promoted to associate professorship after two years of teaching. However, people holding a doctorate from Western universities and with some working experience overseas will normally be appointed at a higher level, in exceptional cases at the full professor level directly[citation needed].
  2. ^ a b Japan has been taking steps to make its academic rankings similar to that of America. But whereas only PhDs can acquire the rank of "Assistant Professor" in the US, many Japanese "Assistant Professors" (and in the past, "Associate Professors") have only masters degrees and do not advance beyond that.
  3. ^ The title of "Oberassistent" is comparable to the German "Akademischer Rat" (see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademischer_Rat for a German language article on the topic), a postdoctoral position that today has mostly been replaced by the position of "Juniorprofessor" (see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniorprofessur for a German language article on the topic). It is typically non-tenured and does not imply faculty rank (i.e., one would not participate in faculty meetings of professors).

References

  1. ^ http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000020552499&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id Décret n° 2009-464 du 23 avril 2009 relatif aux doctorants contractuels des établissements publics d'enseignement supérieur ou de recherche
  2. ^ http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~cstafrep/wnews/wisenews7.html
  3. ^ http://www.hsv.se/densvenskahogskolan/svenskengelskordbok.4.47873ee11827f812de8000359.html

3. http://www.eui.eu/ProgrammesAndFellowships/AcademicCareersObservatory/AcademicCareersbyCountry/Australia.aspx


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