An achromatic lens or achromat is a lens that is designed to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration. Achromatic lenses are corrected to bring two wavelengths (typically red and blue) into focus in the same plane.
The most common type of achromat is the achromatic doublet, which is composed of two individual lenses made from glasses with different amounts of dispersion. Usually one element is a concave lens made out of flint glass, which has relatively high dispersion, while the other, convex, element is made of crown glass, which has lower dispersion. The lens elements are mounted next to each other, typically cemented together, and shaped so that the chromatic aberration of one is counterbalanced by that of the other.
In the most common type (illustrated above), the positive power of the crown lens element is not quite equalled by the negative power of the flint lens element. Together they form a weak positive lens that will bring two different wavelengths of light to a common focus. Negative doublets, in which the negative-power element predominates, are also made.
Theoretical considerations of the feasibility of correcting chromatic aberration were debated in the 18th century following Newton's statement that such a correction was impossible (see History of the telescope). Credit for the invention of the first achromatic doublet is often given to an English barrister and amateur optician named Chester Moore Hall.[1][2] Hall wished to keep his work on the achromatic lenses a secret and contracted the manufacture of the crown and flint lenses to two different opticians, Edward Scarlett and James Mann.[3][4][5] They in turn sub-contracted the work to the same person, George Bass. He realized the two components were for the same client and, after fitting the two parts together, noted the achromatic properties. Hall failed to appreciate the importance of his invention, and it remained known to only a few opticians.
In the late 1750s, Bass mentioned Hall's lenses to John Dollond, who understood their potential and was able to reproduce their design.[2] Dolland applied for and was granted a patent on the technology in 1758, which led to bitter fights with other opticians over the right to make and sell achromatic doublets.
Dollond's son Peter invented the apochromat, an improvement on the achromat, in 1763.[2]
See also
References
- ^ Daumas, Maurice, Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and Their Makers, Portman Books, London 1989 ISBN 978-0713407273
- ^ a b c Watson, Fred (2007). Stargazer: the life and times of the telescope. Allen & Unwin. pp. 140–55. ISBN 9781741753837. http://books.google.com/books?id=2LZZginzib4C&pg=PA140.
- ^ Fred Hoyle, Astronomy; A history of man's investigation of the universe, Rathbone Books, 1962, LC 62-14108
- ^ "Sphaera—Peter Dollond answers Jesse Ramsden". http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/sphaera/index.htm?issue8/articl5. Retrieved July 31, 2009. A review of the events of the invention of the achromatic doublet with emphasis on the roles of Hall, Bass, John Dollond and others.
- ^ Dokland, Terje; Ng, Mary Mah-Lee (2006). Techniques in microscopy for biomedical applications. p. 23. ISBN 9812564349. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ix3G9_Rr0EAC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=achromatic+lens+subcontract&source=bl&ots=2PV7W6Ks52&sig=hWda6yyN-I_6RKWz9Zu6XJyVx7U&hl=en&ei=RF1ySq_tDZGSsgPskKHNCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
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