an amino-acid residue in an aminoacyladenylate molecule. The amino acid reacts with ATP to form aminoacyl-AMP in a reaction catalysed by an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. It is the first metabolic step in the biosynthesis of a polypeptide. The same enzyme catalyses the transfer of the amino acid to an ester link with the 3′-terminal hydroxyl of tRNA.