Adenosine diphosphate: Definition from Answers.com

Adenosine diphosphate

IUPAC name	adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate)
Identifiers
CAS number	58-64-0
PubChem	6022
SMILES	`Nc1ncnc2[n](cnc12)[C@@H]3O[C@H] (COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)([O-])=O)C(O)C3O`
Properties
Molecular formula	C₁₀H₁₅N₅O₁₀P₂
Molar mass	427.201
Y(what is this?) (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine.

ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in cells.

ADP is stored in dense bodies inside blood platelets and is released upon platelet activation. ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets (P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1), leading to further platelet activation.^[1] ADP in the blood is converted to adenosine by the action of ecto-ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via adenosine receptors. The anti-platelet drug Plavix (clopidogrel) inhibits the P2Y12 receptor.

ADP is the end-product that results when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule.^[2] The conversion of these two molecules plays a critical role in supplying energy for many processes of life.^[2] The deletion of one of ATP’s phosphorus bonds generates approximately 7.3 kilocalories per Mole of ATP.^[3] ADP can be converted, or powered back to ATP through the process of releasing the chemical energy available in food; in humans this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.^[2] Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and store the energy from sunlight, via conversion of ADP to ATP.^[3] Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance.^[2]

References

^ Murugappa S, Kunapuli SP, "The role of ADP receptors in platelet function", Front Biosci., 2006, 11:1977-86
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nave, C.R. Adenosine Triphosphate. Georgia State University: Hyper Physics [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html
^ ^a ^b Farabee, M.J. The Nature of ATP. ATP and Biological Energy [serial on the Internet]. 2002 [cited 2007 December 7]. Available from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html

Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides

Nucleobases

Purine (Adenine, Guanine, Purine analogue) · Pyrimidine (Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine, Pyrimidine analogue)

Nucleosides/
(NB+pentose)

Ribonucleosides	Adenosine · Guanosine · Uridine · Cytidine

Deoxyribonucleosides	Deoxyadenosine · Deoxyguanosine · Thymidine · Deoxyuridine · Deoxycytidine

Nucleotides/
(NS+phosphate)

Ribonucleotide	monophosphates (AMP, GMP, UMP, CMP) · diphosphates (ADP, GDP, UDP, CDP) · triphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP)

Deoxyribonucleotides	monophosphates (dAMP, dGMP, dUMP, TMP, dCMP) · diphosphates (dADP, dGDP, TDP, dCDP) · triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, TTP, dCTP)

Cyclic	cAMP, cGMP, c-di-GMP, cADPR

Major families of biochemicals
Saccharides/Carbohydrates/Glycosides · Amino acids/Peptides/Proteins/Glycoproteins · Lipids/Terpenes/Steroids/Carotenoids · Alkaloids/Nucleobases/Nucleic acids · Cofactors/Flavonoids/Polyketides/Tetrapyrroles

v • d • e Neurotransmitters

Amino Acids	1,4-Butanediol • Alanine • Aspartate • Cycloserine • DMG • GABA • GHB • Glutamate • Glycine • Hypotaurine • Kynurenic Acid (Transtorine) • NAAG (Spaglumic Acid) • NMG (Sarcosine) • Serine • Taurine • TMG (Betaine)

Endocannabinoids	2-AG • 2-AGE (Noladin Ether) • AEA (Anandamide) • NADA • OAE (Virodhamine) • Oleamide

Gasotransmitters	Carbon Monoxide • Hydrogen Sulfide • Nitric Oxide • Nitrous Oxide

Monoamines	Dopamine • Epinephrine (Adrenaline) • Melatonin • Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) • Serotonin (5-HT)

Neuropeptides	See here for more details.

Purines	Adenosine • ADP • AMP • ATP

Trace Amines	3-ITA • 5-MeO-DMT • Bufotenin • DMT • NMT • Octopamine • Phenethylamine • Synephrine • Thyronamine • Tryptamine • Tyramine

Others	Acetylcholine • Histamine

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Adenosine diphosphate

See also

References