Adil Shah

Adil or Adel Shah Afshar, born ʿAlī-qolī Khan (Modern Persian: عادل شاه افشار) (died 1749) was the Afsharid Shahof Iran from 1747 to 1748, a nephew and successor of Nader Shah, the found of the Afsharid dynasty.

Family and early career

Ali-qoli khan was the eldest son of Nader's brother, Ebrahim Khan. Nader appointed him governor of Mashad in 1737. In the same year he married Princess Ketevan, daughter of the Georgian king Teimuraz II, Nader's ally. In 1740 he was also married to a daughter of Abu'l-Fayz, ruler of recently subdued Bokhara.^[1]

Rise to power

From 1743 to 1747, Ali-qoli khan commanded Nader's troops against the Yazidis of Kurdistan, the Karakalpaks and Uzbeks of Khwarazm and in Sistan. He then ran afoul with his uncle over the letter's decision to levy 100,000 tomans on him and Nader's suspiciousness. In April 1747, Ali-qoli khan, in conjunction with the rebels of Sistan, occupied Herat and induced the Kurds into rebellion. Nader, on his march against the insurgents, was murdered by a group of his officers, who offered the crown to Ali-qoli.^[1]

On arriving at Mashad, Ali-qoli sent a loyal force to the fortress of Kalat, which killed all Nader's issue with the exception of his 14-year-old grandson Shahrukh. On July 6, 1747, he was declared the shah under the name of Adel-Shah, "the just king". He sent his brother Ebrahim Mirza as a governor to Isfahan, while himself remained in Mashad with his unpopular Georgian favorite, Sohrab Khan. Later that year, he defeated his erstwhile Kurdish allies, who had refused to supply grain for his famine-stricken army and capital, and had several of his supporters put to death on suspicion of conspiracy. He then marched against Mazandaran in a futile attempt to bend the Qajar tribe into submission. The Qajar chief Mohammad Hasan Khan was killed and his four-year-old son, the future Agha Mohammad Khan, was castrated on Adil's order.^[2][1]

Overthrow and death

In the meantime, Ebrahim Mirza, who had consolidated his hold over western Iran, rose in rebellion against his reigning brother. He murdered Adil's favorite Sohrab Khan and marched, in June 1748, to join his forces with Amir Aslan Khan, the sardar of Azaerbaijan against Adil. The latter, at the head of a numerically superior army, advanced from Gilan to prevent a junction of the rebel forces, but the defection of many of his commanders precipitated his complete defeat. Adil fled to Tehran, but was surrendered by a local governor to Ebrahim, who had him blinded. Six months later, Ebrahim was proclaimed shah, but his reign was quickly terminated by a coup which brought Nadir's surviving grandson Shahrukh to the throne. Ebrahim was blinded and soon died, while Adel was sent in chains to Mashad, where he was tortured to death.^[1]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} J. R. Perry (December 15, 1983), "ʿĀdel Shah Afšār", in: Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 5, p. 452. Iranica Online (Last Updated: July 22, 2011). Accessed April 16, 2012.
2. ^ Richard Tapper, Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan (Cambridge University Press, 1997: ISBN 0-521-58336-5), p. 118.

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