Aussa Sultanate
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Aussa Sultanate
"Aussa" redirects here. For the city in Ethiopia of the same name, see Asaita.
| Aussa Sultanate Afar Sultanate |
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| Capital | Aussa | |||
| Language(s) | Afar, Arabic | |||
| Religion |  Islam |
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| Government | Monarchy | |||
| Sultan | ||||
| - 1734–1749 | Kedafu | |||
| - 2011-present | Hanfadhe Alimirah | |||
| History | ||||
| - Established | 1734 | |||
| - Disestablished | present | |||
The Aussa Sultanate (alternate spelling: Awsa or Assaw) (r. 1734-present), also known as the Afar Sultanate, was a kingdom that existed in eastern Ethiopia in the area bordering Eritrea and Djibouti. It was considered to be the leading monarchy of the Afar people, to whom the other Afar rulers nominally acknowledged primacy.
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History
Main article: Mudaito Dynasty
Afar society has traditionally been divided into independent kingdoms, each ruled by its own Sultan.[1]
The Aussa Sultanate succeeded the earlier Imamate of Aussa. The latter polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Harari city-state. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined and temporarily came to an end in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne.[2] The Sultanate was subsequently re-established by Kedafu around the year 1734, and was thereafter ruled by his Mudaito Dynasty.[3] The primary symbol of the Sultan was a silver baton, which was considered to have magical properties.[4]
Sultan Mahammad ibn Hanfadhe defeated and killed Werner Munzinger in 1875, who was leading an Egyptian army into Ethiopia.[5] In 1865, the newly unified Italy bought Asseb from a local Sultan (which became the colony of Eritrea in 1890), and led Sultan Mahammad to sign several treaties with that country. As a result, the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II stationed an army near Aussa to "make sure the Sultan of Awsa would not honor his promise of full cooperation with Italy" during the First Italo–Ethiopian War.[6]
During the Second Italian-Ethiopian War, the Sultan Mahammad Yayyo again agreed to cooperate with the Italian invaders.[7] As a result, in 1943 the reinstalled Ethiopian government sent a military expedition that captured Sultan Muhammad, and made one of his relatives Sultan.[8]
Until his death in April 2011, the most recent Sultan of the Afars was Alimirah Hanfere. He was exiled to Saudi Arabia in 1975, but returned after the fall of the Derg regime in 1991.
See also
Notes
- ^ Matt Phillips, Jean-Bernard Carillet, Lonely Planet Ethiopia and Eritrea, (Lonely Planet: 2006), p.301.
- ^ Abir, p. 23 n.1.
- ^ Abir, pp. 23-26.
- ^ Trimingham, p. 262.
- ^ Edward Ullendorff, The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 90. ISBN 0-19-285061-X.
- ^ Chris Proutky, Empress Taytu and Menilek II (Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1986), p. 143. ISBN 0-932415-11-3.
- ^ Anthony Mockler, Haile Selassie's War (Brooklyn: Olive Branch Press, 2003), p. 111.
- ^ Trimingham, p. 172.
References
- Mordechai Abir, The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire, 1769-1855 (London: Longmans, 1968).
- J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952).
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