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| Notable Afro Mexicans: Vicente Guerrero, José Maria Morelos, Melvin Brown, Pío Pico, Guillermo Galván Galván, Gaspar Yanga |
| Total population |
|---|
| 103,000.[citation needed] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Costa Chica |
| Languages |
| Religion |
|
Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestants, and African tribal religions) |
| Related ethnic groups |
Afro Mexican (Spanish: afromexicano) is a term used to identify Mexican people of African ancestry or African people with Mexican ancestry. African Mexicans, now largely assimilated in the general population, have historically been located in certain communities in Mexico. They are currently found, most notably, along two coastal areas of Guerrero and Oaxaca called Costa Chica, as well as in small parts of Veracruz, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán.
The term Afro-Mexican, as used in this article refers specifically to black African ancestry. The term is not widely used in Mexico outside of academic circles. Normally Afro Mexicans are called "black" (in Spanish negro).
Contents |
History
When the Spanish first arrived in Mesoamerica, they brought free Africans with them. Among them was Juan Garrido, a conquistador who belonged to Juan Ponce de León's entourage. Garrido was born on the West African coast, the son of an African King. Garrido went on to join Hernando Cortés in the Spanish conquest of Mexico. These African contributed to the conquistadors success in New Spain, but they did not share in the victory because of their status. The decline of the Amerindian population and the difficulty of making Native Americans into slaves and later the Pope's prohibition against enslaving them, prompted the Spanish to import large numbers of from Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Gambia, Nigeria, the Congo, and Angola.
During the colonial period in Veracruz, Spaniards placed restrictions on contact between Africans and Natives to discourage the formation of alliances. Intermarriage between the races, whose descendants were called Lobos in the caste system of New Spain and Zambos in other parts of Spanish America, was heavily discouraged by some individuals in the Catholic clergy. Africans soon outnumbered Europeans in certain areas, and the Spanish implemented many tactics to ensure that they remained the dominant racial group in Mesoamerica.
In the early days of the colonial period, slavery was very harsh, and lead to rebellions. In 1609 there was a black rebellion in Veracruz, lead by Gaspar Yanga and Francisco de la Matosa. After fierce battles, Yanga came to negotiate a peace with the viceroy Luis de Velasco. A black community, called "San Lorenzo" (Later renamed Yanga) was founded and still exists; it would be the first of several.[which?] But this would not stop the hostilities. In the sixteenth century the Spanish crown sent a group consisting of Indians, Creoles (white Spaniards Born in Mexico) and Mestizos as well as some blacks to "pacify" the area of 'troublemakers' in 1609 and put an end to the actions of the fugitive slaves; Jesuit priest Juan Florencio Laurencio wrote about these events.[1] The Spanish troops who left Puebla to placate the rebellions in January of 1609 numbered around 550, of which perhaps 100 were Spanish soldiers and the others were recruits and adventurers.[2] Spanish authorities latter suspected a new rebellion in 1612; they imprisoned, tortured and executed 33 slaves (twenty nine males and four women). Their heads were cut off and remained in the main square of Mexico City for a long time as an example.
These settlers are from Oklahoma Indian Territory and made a free African village in Nacimiento, Coahuila and a few villages along the Texas-Mexico border. Some of the Indio African in yucatan traveled to the country of Belize. Though there is an African presence in Belize some forget their roots. In recent years, some Afro-Mexicans include blacks who immigrated to Mexico from Caribbean countries such as Cuba, or from Africa to earn money in Mexico as contract workers. Many Afro-Mexicans also went abroad throughout the colonial period as well as after Mexico had gained it's independence to find better economic fortune, mostly to the United States, where they and their U.S. children are called Hispanic Americans
The black population of the sixteenth century in New Spain was arround 6%. Because of the need for manual labor there were increase shipments, and by 1646 New Spain had an average of about 168,000 black slaves in the territory.[2]
Vicente Guerrero
The mule driver Vicente Guerrero rose to become Commander-in-Chief of the Mexican army during the last years of the 1810-1821 independence war with Spain. Eight years after independence he was president and he issued his nation's slavery abolition decree. Guerrero was a descendant of African slaves brought to colonial Mexico. He also had Indigenous and Spanish roots, and his multi-cultural experience was enriched by contact among the many in his region who were descendants of the estimated 100,000 Asians brought to Mexico in slavery on the Manila to Acapulco galleons. The Asians were labeled "African" because the Spanish wanted more slaves, and by law only Africans could be slaves. Most of the Asians did come from places where people were dark, such as Malaysia, and the southern Filipine Islands, including the island of Negros, so named because the Negritos lived there.
Guerrero has a state in his name, only one of four heroes of the nation to be so honored. On a wall in the National Museum of History in Mexico City is a display of the family tree that stems from President Guerrero. He and his wife Guadalupe Hernandez de Guerrero had one surviving child, Dolores. She married Mariano Riva Palacio, who was head of the city council in Mexico City during Guerrero's presidency. Mariano was later the mayor of the capital city, a state governor, a prominent promoter of public education, and a general in the army during the mid-century war of the Reform. In 1831 Vicente Guerrero was assassinated, and in the years that followed Mariano and Dolores made their home a gathering place for followers of the fallen leader. In this environment the children of Mariano and Dolores were politicized. Their sons Vicente (named after grandfather) and Carlos became state governors and army generals. Vicente is best known as a literary light, and for being the most read historian in Mexico. The tall and thick multi-volume compendium, MEXICO A TRAVES DE LOS SIGLOS, that he directed to publication in the 1880s continues to go through reprintings today. Also much republished is Riva Palacio's account of the African slave Gaspar Yanga, who led a revolt in the sugar plantations of Veracruz in 1570.
Additional Guerrero/Riva Palacio generations produced more state governors, including a second Carlos Riva Palacio. During the latter stages of the 1910 social revolution, Carlos #2 supported President Calles, a loudly nationalistic leftist who drew threats of intervention from the U.S. in 1927. In 1934 Carlos was first president a new ruling political party, which is said to have been originally progressive, and now, under its new name, Partido Revolucionario Institucional, is said to stand for "technocrats" beholden to a wealthy clique. Emerging in the late 1980s to fight the corrupted PRI from a left wing perspective was Raymundo Riva Palacio. A crusading journalist, Raymundo was instrumental in making two Mexico City dailies, EL FINANCIERO and LA REFORMA, into popular anti-establishment papers. The physical appearance of Raymundo does not suggest that he is a descendant of the first "Black President" of Mexico. But he is nonetheless following the family business, opposition to the elite.
Palenques
To escape the oppression of slavery some African cimarrón slaves escaped to the mountains and formed their own settlements. These settlements were called palenques throughout the Spanish colonies extending from North to South America; the one in Veracruz was composed of mostly African males. The cimarrónes in the Veracruz region was a force of 100 fighters with guns and 400 more armed with stones, machetes, bows and arrows who would periodically raid Native villages and rob merchants as well as repel Spanish attacks. These rebels were led by the Angolan named Francisco de la Matosa. Yanga who was old at that time decided to use the superior knowledge of their troops on the ground to resist the Spanish in order to cause enough casualties and force them to start negotiations.[2]
One of these palenques was Cuajinicuilapa in the state of Guerrero, home to a small enclave of Afro-Mexicans whose ancestors were slaves who escaped from the sugar and coffee plantations along the coast and settled into the mountainous regions of Guerrero.[citation needed] Today the Afro-Mexican residents of this town have a museum that displays the history and culture of their ancestors. They honor their African heritage through traditional dance and music.
The end of slavery
In 1810, the declaration of Independence of Mexico, called for the ban of slavery and the caste system, although this could not be done until the end of the independence war in 1821. This ban called for the death penalty for those who opposed the ban, so it was adopted. Even so, some "forms of slavery" like the tienda de raya (workers under perpetual debt) remained until the early twentieth century, but this slavery was more oriented to indigenous population.
Mixed population
The Afro Mexican population is mostly of mixed ancestry having admixture with the larger populations and many ignore, or have forgotten, their African ancestry. Although African descended people such as Yanga played some historical roles the predominantly Mexican mainstream culture was not significantly influenced by African cultures. African admixture is noticeable in small populations such as those in the Costa Chica region and others still remain with phenotypical cues of their African ancestry.
Admixture levels in Mexico have been studied by the genome project of the National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN) and their studies have shown a strong presence of Amerindian and European genetic contributions to the overall Mexican population with a very small African contribution which is slightly above the East Asian genetic admixture.[3][4]
Current situation
Many Afro-Mexicans make their homes along the Costa Chica, a 300-km (200-mile) long coastal region beginning just southeast of Acapulco, Guerrero, and ending at Huatulco in the state of Oaxaca (Vaughn, 2004). Most of the occupants of the Costa Chica derive their income from agriculture and fishing. The Costa Chica is also occupied by many indigenous groups, and Bobby Vaughn, creator of the website "Black Mexico," describes the relationship between those individuals of African descent and the Indians as strained ([1], 2004).
In the last few years, more discourse has been taking place about why so little is known about the afro-diasporic population in Mexico. Since the nationalistic movement of the 1940s, the Mexican government states there is no distinction made between white, mestizo, mulatto, black, or Amerindian, so the population is classified on cultural bases rather than racial. As a result, most of the population is classified as mestizo, when the term is used specifically for those people of the particular racial admixture of European and American Indian; the term, however, is often used incorrectly in other parts of the world to mean any type of multiracial people. Charles Henry Rowell, the editor of the Callaloo Journal, believes that the majority of the descendants of African slaves have disappeared through assimilation and miscegenation (2004). In the eyes of Mexican population, only people with very dark skin and obvious African features are actually called "negros", so the black population is not perceived as a community.
Lack of acknowledgment sometimes makes it difficult for Afro-Mexicans to take pride in their African heritage. Many have chosen to assimilate completely into Mexican society and do not see their African lineage as something that sets them apart from the rest of mainstream Mexican society. A recent survey (2005) found that most of the people who show obvious black ancestry prefer to be considered mestizos. There is also outside pressure from other Mexicans that causes them to assimilate. Because their existence is not widely known throughout Mexico and the rest of the world, they are often assumed to be illegal immigrants from Belize or elsewhere in Latin America (Sailer, 2002). There have been many accounts of Afro-Mexicans being pulled over by the police and being forced to sing the Mexican national anthem to prove they are Mexican (Graves, 2004). This discrimination [2] causes many Afro-Mexicans, if they are able, to conceal their African lineage.
Despite being faced with discrimination and poverty, there are some Afro-Mexicans who openly embrace their African heritage and want it to be recognized. In Coyolillo, located in Veracruz, they celebrate Carnival, which has its roots in African culture. In the village of El Ciruelo, there is a small group of Afro-Mexicans who have organized as Mexico Negro, and they are fighting to have a racial breakdown added to the census before the 2010 count (Graves, 2004), but the National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Data Processing (INEGI) [3] census does not record race. It is based only on socioeconomic criteria. About 200,000 Africans were brought to Mexico during the time of the Spanish Empire (Sailer, 2002). Although it is not common knowledge, the descendants of these slaves still live in Mexico today. Anthropologist Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán has called them "The third root".
Costa Chica
The Costa Chica is one of two regions in Mexico with significant black population today, the other being the state of Veracruz on the Gulf coast. The Costa Chica is a 200-mile (320 km) long coastal region beginning just southeast of Acapulco, Guerrero and ending at Huatulco in the state of Oaxaca.
The climate is very hot most of the year, and the summer rains can make transportation somewhat difficult, as the roads don't generally hold up that well. There are few major tourist attractions in the parts of the Costa Chica where most blacks live, although there are a few pleasant local beaches: Playa Ventura and Punta Maldonado in Guerrero and the beach at Corralero in Oaxaca.
Most of the homes in the region were round mud huts, whose roots have been traced back to what is now Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Now, the norm is a one-room or two-room house with wall of adobe or cement cinder block.
The economic base of the Costa Chica, not unlike most of the rest of the countryside, is agricultural. These campesinos, or peasant farmers, concentrate most of their efforts in the cultivation of corn, almost exclusively in order to make tortillas for their own consumption. Other common crops are coconut, mango, sesame, and some watermelon.
Notable Afro Mexicans
Historical figures
Gaspar Yanga founded the first free African township in the Americas in 1609.
Artists
Actor Zamorita. Kalimba Marichal, M'Balia Marichal, María del Sol and Veronika con K are famous Mexican singers with African heritage. The late Toña la Negra was also an Afro-Mexican singer.
Politicians
Heroes of the Mexican War of Independence — Vicente Guerrero and José María Morelos y Pavón — are both speculated to have had mulatto ancestry though it cannot be proven with any certainty. Also Joaquín Hendricks and Pío Pico former governors of Quintana Roo and California respectively, Luis Cortazar Guanajuato governor, and politian Luis Malanco, grandson of President Guerrero Vicente Riva Palacio, and Historian Ignacio Manuel Altamirano[citation needed].
Modern day Afro-Mexican politicians: Guillermo Galván Galván, David Reynoso[who?]
Fictional figures
The comic character Memín Pinguín, whose magazine has been available in Latin America, the Philippines, and the United States newsstands for more than 60 years, is an Afro-Cuban. The Mexican Government issued a series of five stamps in 2005 honoring the Memín comic book series. The issue of these stamps was considered racist by some groups in the United States and praised by the Mexican audience who remember growing up with the magazine.
Others
Former and current boxer Juan de la Rosa, Ericka Cruz Nuestra Belleza Mexico 2001,[citation needed] footballers Melvin Brown and Edoardo Isella, and Major League Baseball player of the 1970s, Jorge Orta.
See also
References
- ^ http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/04701733133526751032268/p0000001.htm
- ^ a b c Pasquel, Leonardo. Campaña contra Yanga en 1608. Indiana University: 1974.
- ^ http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/images/stories/publicaciones/articulos_cientificos/pdf/analysis_genomic_silva.pdf
- ^ http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2009/05/11/0903045106.DCSupplemental/0903045106SI.pdf#nameddest=ST1
Bibliography
- Salas, Mario Marcel. "Patterns of Persistence: Paternal Colonialist Structures and the Radical Opposition in the African American Community of San Antonio, Texas 1937-2001." M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at San Antonio, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, 2004. Copies at John Peace Library, University of Texas at San Antonio, 2004.
- Vinson III, Ben. Bearing Arms for His Majesty: The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.
- Vinson III, Ben, Bobby Vaughn, and Clara García Ayluardo. Afroméxico: el pulso de la población negra en México, una historia recordada, olvidada y vuelta a recordar. México, D.F.: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2004.
External links
- The Mexico-Louisiana Creole Connection
- Africa's Legacy in Mexico from the Smithsonian Institution
- Mexico's forgotten race steps into spotlight from The Guardian
- Black seminoles in Mexico from the Handbook of Texas Online
- Blacks in Mexico: A Forgotten Minority - TIME
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