Ait Seghrouchen Berber
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Ait Seghrouchen Berber
| Ait Seghrouchen Berber | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tmaziġt, Tamaziġt | ||||
| Spoken in |  Morocco |
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| Region | Central Morocco – Middle Atlas | |||
| Language family |
Afro-Asiatic
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| Writing system | Tifinagh, Latin, Arabic | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-3 | None | |||
| Linguist List | tzm-cen (Central Atlas) | |||
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Ait Seghrouchen Berber is a Berber dialect spoken by the Ait Seghrouchen tribe.
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Contents
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Classification
Ait Seghrouchen Berber commonly classed as Central Atlas Tamazight, and Ait Seghrouchen is reported to be mutually intelligible with the neighbouring Central Atlas Tamazight dialect of Ait Ayache.[1] Genetically, however, it belongs to the Zenati subgroup of Northern Berber, rather than to the Atlas subgroup to which the rest of Central Atlas Tamazight belongs,[2] and are therefore excluded by some sources from Central Atlas Tamazight.[3]
Phonology
Consonants
Ayt Seghrouchen is notable for having the lateral fricative [ɬ] as an allophone of the sequence /lt/.[4] /k, g/ are pronounced as stops, unlike the closely related Ayt Ayache dialect in which they are fricatives.[5]
In the table below, when consonants appear in pairs, the one on the left is voiceless.
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar/ Palatal |
Post-palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal[1] |
Glottal[2] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | flat | ||||||||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | nˤ | ||||||||||||||
| Plosive | b[3] | t[4] | d | tˤ | dˤ | k | ɡ | q | |||||||||
| Fricative | f | s | z | sˤ | zˤ | ʃ | ʒ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | |||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||||||||||||
| Lateral | (ɬ)[2] | l | lˤ | ||||||||||||||
| Flap/Trill[nb 1] | r | rˤ | |||||||||||||||
Phonetic notes:
Vowels
Ait Seghrouchen Berber has a typical phonemic three-vowel system, similarly to Classical Arabic:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Open | a |
These phonemes have numerous allophones, conditioned by the following environments:
(# denotes word boundary, X denotes C[−flat −/χ/ −/ʁ/], C̣ denotes C[+flat], G denotes C, /χ/, and /ʁ/)
| Phoneme | Realization | Environment | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | [i] | #_X | /ili/ | 'to exist' |
| [ɨ] | #_Xː / Xː_ | /idːa/ | 'he went' | |
| [ɪ] [e] | _G / G_ | /dˤːiqs/ | 'to burst out' | |
| [ɪj] | X_# | /isːfrˤħi/ | 'he made me happy' | |
| /u/ | [u] | #_X / X(ː)_X | /umsʁ/ | 'I painted' |
| [ʊ] [o] | _G / G_ | /idˤurˤ/ | 'he turned' | |
| [ʊw] | X(ː)_# | /bdu/ | 'to begin' | |
| [ʉ] | kː_ / ɡː_ | /lːajɡːur/ | 'he goes' | |
| /a/ | [æ] | #_X(ː) / X(ː)_X | /azn/ | 'to send' |
| [ɐ] | X(ː)_# | /da/ | 'here' | |
| [ɑ] | _C̣ / C̣_ | /ħadˤr/ | 'to be present' |
Phonetic Schwa
There is a predictable non-phonemic vowel inserted into consonant clusters, realized as [ɪ̈] before front consonants (e.g. /b t d .../) and [ə] before back consonants (e.g. /k χ .../).[10] These are some of the rules governing the occurrence of [ə]:
(# denotes word boundary, L denotes /l r m n/, H denotes /h ħ ʕ w j/)
| Environment | Realization | Example | Pronunciation | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #C(ː)# | əC(ː) | /ɡ/ | [əɡ] | 'to be, to do' |
| #LC# | əLC or LəC | /ns/ | [əns] ~ [nəs] | 'to spend the night' |
| #CC# | CəC | /tˤsˤ/ | [tˤəsˤ] | 'to laugh' |
| #CːC# | əCːəC | /fːr/ | [əfːər] | 'to hide' |
| #CCC# | CCəC / C1C2 are not {L H} | /χdm/ | [χdəm] | 'to work' |
| /zʕf/ | [zʕəf] | 'to get mad' | ||
| #CCC# | əCCəC or #CəCəC# / {C1 C3} is {L H} | /hdm/ | [əhdəm] ~ [hədəm] | 'to demolish' |
| #CCC# | CəCəC / C2C3 = {L H} | /dˤmn/ | [dˤəmən] | 'to guarantee' |
Stress
Word stress is non-contrastive and predictable — it falls on the last vowel in a word (including schwa).[12]
Notes
- ^ Abdel-Massih refers to this as a "flap" produced with "vibration" of the tongue.
References
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971b:xiii)
- ^ Edmond Destaing, "Essai de classification des dialectes berbères du Maroc", Etudes et Documents Berbère, 19-20, 2001-2002 (1915)
- ^ Augustin Bernard and Paul Moussard, Arabophones et berbérophones au Maroc, Annales de Géographie 1924, Volume 33 Numéro 183, pp. 267-282.
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971b:19–20)
- ^ a b Abdel-Massih (1971b:4, 6, 19–20)
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1968:16)
- ^ a b Abdel-Massih (1971b:5)
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971b:11)
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971b:13–15, 20)
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971b:15)
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971b:15–17)
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971b:17–18)
Bibliography
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971a). A Course in Spoken Tamazight. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN 0-932098-04-5.
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971b). A Reference Grammar of Tamazight. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN 0-932098-05-3.
- Destaing's "Essai de classification des dialectes berbères du Maroc" (Etudes et Documents Berbère, 19-20, 2001-2002 (1915)
- Kossmann's "Les verbes à i final en zénète" and Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère
- http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tamazit.html
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