Al-Afdal Muhammad

Al-Afdal Muhammad Arabic: الأفضل محمد‎, was the last Ayyubid governor of Hama in central Syria, reigning from 1332 to 1341.^[1] The Ayyubid sultanate in Syria collapsed in 1260 with the advent of the Mongols, however the Mamluks of Egypt drove them out and allowed Ayyubid rule to be maintained in the principality Hama under Abu al-Fida, the father of al-Afdal. Al-Afdal incurred the displeasure of his Mamluk overlords and was deposed by them in 1341.^[2]

References

Bibliography

• Abu-Lughod, Janet L.; Dumper, Michael (2007), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5, http://books.google.com/?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cities+of+the+Middle+East#PPA156,M1 
• Lane-Poole, Stanley (2004), The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 1-4179-4570-2, 9781417945702, http://books.google.com/?id=0QS7x1Z7A2cC&dq=al+Afdal+Hamah+Mamluk+Ayyubid