Al Wefaq National Islamic Society
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Al Wefaq National Islamic Society
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| Al Wefaq الوفاق |
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|---|---|
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| Leader | Ali Salman |
| Slogan | ديرتنا.. نحميها |
| Founded | 7 November 2001 |
| Headquarters | Zinj, Bahrain |
| Ideology | Shi'a Islamism |
| Religion | Shi'a Islam |
| Official colors | Blue, Red |
| Council of Representatives |
18 / 40
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| Shura Council |
0 / 40
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| Website | |
| alwefaq.org | |
| Politics of Bahrain Political parties Elections |
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Al Wefaq National Islamic Society (Arabic: جمعية الوفاق الوطني الإسلامية; transliterated: Jam'īyat al-Wifāq al-Watanī al-Islāmīyah), or Al Wefaq for short is a Bahraini political society, and the largest party in the Bahrain, both in terms of its membership and its results at the polls.[1] Although it is by far the single largest party, with 18 representatives, in the 40-member Bahraini parliament, it has often been outvoted by coalition blocs of opposition Sunni parties and independent MPs reflecting gerrymandering of electoral districts.[1] On 27 February 2011, the 18 Al Wefaq members of parliament submitted letters of resignation to protest regime violence against pro-reform Bahraini protestors.[2]
Al Wefaq's religious orientation is Shia and it is led by a cleric, Ali Salman. The party is close to a Shia clerical body in Bahrain, the Islamic Scholars Council, which describes Al Wefaq as the 'Bloc of Believers'.[3] In 2006, the pro-government English newspaper Gulf Daily News alleged that al Wefaq had only 1,500 active members,[4] although Al Wefaq itself claims to have 80,000 members[4] and a leaked diplomatic briefing from the US Embassy in Bahrain described Al Wefaq as the largest party in Bahrain in terms of membership.[1]
Al Wefaq boycotted the 2002 general election, the first parliamentary elections held in the country since 1973, claiming that the 2002 constitution gave too much power to the unelected upper house, the Consultative Council of Bahrain, whose members are directly appointed by the King. In the 2006 election Al Wefaq received the backing of the Islamic Scholars Council which helped it win seventeen of the eighteen seats it contested. In the 2010 election, they increased their representation by one seat, winning all the constituencies they contested, to take 18 of the 40 available parliamentary seats.[5]
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Contents
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History
A number of Al Wefaq's leaders returned to Bahrain under the reform process initiated by King Hamad when he inherited the throne and pardoned all the political activists of the 1990s political unrest. Its leadership backed King Hamad's National Charter for political reforms after the King assured the country's leading opposition clerics, through a signed statement in the house of a leading religious figure, Sayed Alawi al-Ghuraifi, that only the elected chamber of parliament would have legislative power, as stipulated by the 1973 Constitution.
However the Al Wefaq leadership withdrew support when the ruling regime later announced the 2002 Constitution which mandated a chamber, appointed directly by the King, that would share legislative power with the elected chamber. Al Wefaq boycotted the 2002 parliamentary election, with three other political societies: the former Maoist National Democratic Action Society, the pro-Saddam Hussein Baath affiliated Nationalist Democratic Rally Society and Islamic Action Society. Opposition political groups accused the King of unilaterally enacting the constitution though such an important document requiring multilateral agreement in order to be binding. However Al-Wefaq did put forward candidates for the municipal elections that same year.
Ideology
| Part of the Politics series on |
| Islamism |
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Manifestations
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Concepts
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 Islam PortalPolitics portal |
As with any religious party in the world, Al Wefaq has had to address the relationship between spiritual and secular authority. On the contentious issue of reform of Bahrain’s family laws, Al Wefaq stated in October 2005 that neither elected MPs nor the government has the authority to change the law because these institutions could 'misinterpret the word of God'. Instead, Al Wefaq insisted that the right to legislate on issues relating to women and families is solely that of religious leaders.[6]
Further, the society’s legislators argued that the political landscape in the country, where electoral districts are drawn to reflect wishes of the authorities, could not guarantee future non-interference by the authorities for modify the law to meet their agenda. There have been some differences among western analysts as to the role played by ideology in Al Wefaq’s agenda: according to Dr Toby Jones of Swarthmore College, “Al Wefaq does not espouse a specific ideological vision”; while Steven Cook of the Council on Foreign Relations has described Al Wefaq’s policies towards women as “outrageous” [1].
In a show of strength against a demonstration by women's rights activists, on 9 November 2005 Al Wefaq jointly organised with clerics a much larger counter demonstration against the Supreme Council for Women's (secular women organization) campaign for the introduction of a personal status law [2] .
MPs from the society (and the main opposition group) walked out of the Bahrain parliament on 8 May 2007 in protest after their request for a corruption investigation of State Minister of Cabinet Affairs Sheikh Ahmad bin Ateyatallah al-Khalifa, a member of the royal family, was denied. The forty- member lower chamber dismissed the motion as only nineteen lawmakers voted in favor of the investigation, two votes short of the majority needed [3]. Ever since entering into the 2006 parliament, Al Wefaq had undertaken steps to go after individuals widely accused wrongdoing activities such as financial and administrative corruption and discriminatory practices.
2006 elections
Main article: Bahraini parliamentary election, 2006
Al Wefaq announced that it would reverse its elections boycott and participate in the 2006 parliamentary election. The party hoped to win 12–14 seats [4] in the poll to take place in November 2006. The party has denied that it will not field any women candidates, dismissing the allegations as "pure speculation".[7] Along with Salafists, such as Ali Mattar, the party objects to the government's ban on candidates using religious sermons to promote their election campaigns. A noted religious figure from Al Wefaq, Jassim Al Khayat, has commented: "The ban is senseless because the mosque, as an integral part of people's daily lives, has always been close to the political scene."[5]
Salafist MP Jassim Al Saeedi campaigned to get the party banned from standing in the poll on the grounds that the party did not recognize the 2002 Constitution. When his demands were rejected by the government, Mr Saeedi accused the Minister of Justice, Dr Mohammed Al Sitri, of being the party's 'front man' and acting as their 'lawyer'. Mr Saeedi told Dr Al Sitri during a session of parliament: "It seems they chose you to be there [sic] front man, because you are defending them well." [6]
The parliamentary election campaigns of Al Wefaq members put many of the current hot issues in the political scene to the surface. For example, Al Wefaq extensively used the Bandargate scandal in its campaigns and promised to question and punish those responsible for it. Moreover, Al Wefaq raised serious concerns over the election results and questioned many aspects of the election process. Indeed, accusations of fraud as well as the lack of transparency were raised shortly before the start of elections.
17 out of 18 candidates from Al Wefaq won the 2006 parliamentary elections. 62% of Bahraini voters voted for Al Wefaq and they hold 42.5% of the seats in the elected chamber of the parliament (out of a total of 40 seats) making them the strongest political party in Bahrain in terms of the number of supporters and representatives in the elected chamber of the parliament. In addition, Al-Wefaq backed liberal candidate secured another seat.
2010 elections
Main article: Bahraini parliamentary election, 2010
Following a wave of arrests prior to the election, Al Wefaq won at least 18 of the 40 seats to the lower house.
Though representing 45% of the seats, the legislators had secured 64 % of the popular vote. The difference reflects gerrymandering of electoral districts in the absence of universal principle of one person one vote. Voters in five districts won by Al Wefaq independently surpassed the number of voters in five other districts collectively.
Incumbent MPs who succeeded achieving landslide victories in 2010 parliamentary elections were:
Khalil Al-Marzooq
Abduljalil Khalil
Jawad Fairooz
References
- ^ a b c Guide to Bahrain's politics – 4 Sep 2008. Ambassador Ereli, US Embassy, Bahrain/Wikileaks/The Guardian
- ^ Thousands protest in Bahrain as MPs resign AFP, 27 February 2011
- ^ Habib Toumi, Bahrain Shiite body accused of bias, Gulf News, 14 November 2006
- ^ a b Gulf Daily News, Society shifted position to take advantage of political platform – 20 January 2006
- ^ Independents the biggest winners – Gulf Daily News, 1 Nov 2010
- ^ "Local News » Personal law row spurs plea". Gulf Daily News. 26 October 2005. http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/1yr_arc_Articles.asp?Article=125278&Sn=BNEW&IssueID=28220&date=10-26-2005. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ "gulfnews : Society denies report on exclusion of women". Archive.gulfnews.com. 28 August 2006. http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/08/28/10063266.html. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
Further reading
- The Victory of Al Wefaq: the Rise of Shiite Politics in Bahrain, Mohammed Zahid Mahjoob Zweiri Research Institute for European and American Studies Research Paper 108, April 2007 (Athens)
External links
- Al-Wefaq website (in Arabic)
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