Al-Zamakhshari

Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari. Known widely as al-Zamakhshari (in Persian: محمود زمخشری‎). Also called Jar Allah (Arabic for "God's neighbour") (1074 or 1075 – 1143 or 1144) was a medieval Muslim scholar of Chorasmian-Iranian origin,^[1][2][3][4] who subscribed to the Muʿtazilite theological doctrine, who was born in Khwarezmia, but lived most of his life in Bukhara, Samarkand, and Baghdad.

Biography

Al-Zamakhshari was born in Zamakhshar, Khwarezmia, and became a renowned scholar of the Mutazilite school of Islam.^[5] He used Persian for some of his work, although he was a strong supporter of the Arabic language as well as an opponent of the Shu'ubiyya movement.^[6] After losing one of his feet to frostbite, he carried a notarized declaration that his foot was missing due to accident, rather than a legal amputation for any crime.^[7]

He is best known for Al-Kashshaaf, a seminal commentary on the Qur'an. The commentary is famous for its deep linguistic analysis of the verses, however has been criticised for the inclusion of Mu'tazilite philosophical views.

For many years he stayed in Mecca, for which he became known as Jar-Allah ("God's neighbour"). He later returned to Khwarezm, where he died in 1144 at the capital Gorgan (in the present Gulestan Province, Iran).

He studied at Bukhara and Samarkand while enjoying the fellowship of jurists of Baghdad.

Works

Zamakhshari's fame as a commentator rests upon his commentary on the Qur'an. In spite of its Mu'tazili theology it was famous among scholars.

Works include:

• Al-Kashshaaf ("the Revealer", Arabic: کشاف ) — A tafsir of the Qur'an) ^[8]
• Rabi al-Abrar ^[8]
• Asasul-Balaghat dar-Lughat (Arabic:اساس البلاغه) — Literature^[8]
• Fasul-ul-Akhbar ^[8]
• Fraiz Dar-ilm Fariz ^[8]
• Kitab-Fastdar-Nahr ^[8]
• Muajjam-ul-Hadud ^[8]
• Manha Darusul ^[8]
• Diwan-ul-Tamsil ^[8]
• Sawaer-ul-Islam ^[8]
• Muqaddimat al-Adab ^[9] مقدمه الادب (Arabic-Persian dictionary)
• Kitab al-Amkinah wa al-Jibal wa al-Miyah (کتاب الامکنه والجبال والمیاه) (Geography))
• Mufassal Anmuzaj (مفصل انموذج) (Nahw: Arabic grammar)
• and more ^[8]

Zamakhshari and the Khwaresmian Language

The greater part of the surviving vocabulary of the now extinct Iranian Kwaresmian or Chorasmian language is found in the form of interlinear glosses throughout a single manuscript (of ca. 596/1200) of Zamakhshari's Arabic-Persian dictionary, the Muqaddimat al-adab (Zamakhshari may himself have been a native speaker).^[3] Some other manuscripts of this work also contain a few such glosses. Thus the Muqaddimat al-adab is a very important primary source for the study of this extinct language.

See also

• List of Iranian scientists
• Islamic scholars

References

1. ^ Jane Dammen MacAuliffe, Quranic Christians: An Analysis of Classical and Modern Exegesis,Cambridge University Press, 1991, pg 51
2. ^ By Norman. Calder, Andrew Rippin, Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature, Routledge, 2003, pg 119
3. ^ ^{a b} Encyclopedia Iranica, "The Chorasmian Language", D.N.Mackenzie
4. ^ "Zamakhshari" in Encyclopedia of Islam, by C.H.M. Versteegh, Brill 2007. Excerpt: "one of the outstanding scholars of later medieval Islamic times who made important contributions..despite his own Iranian descent, a strong proponent of the Arab cause vis-à-vis the Persophile partisans of Shabiyya."
5. ^ Hodgson, Marshall G.S (1977). The Venture of Islam Volume 2: The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods. USA: The University of Chicago Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-226-34684-7. 
6. ^ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, volume 1, al-Zamakhshari
7. ^ Samuel Marinus Zwemer, "A Moslem Seeker After God"
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Salaam Knowledge
9. ^ [1] [2]

Also:

• ZAMAKHSHARI. LoveToKnow 1911 Online Encyclopedia. © 2003, 2004 LoveToKnow.
• 1911 Encyclopedia.org
• Fordham.edu

External links

• http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Zamakhshari
• http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078218
• http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.asp?type=question&qid=3321
• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1130Zamakhshari.html