Pure alexia
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Pure alexia
Main article: Alexia (acquired dyslexia)
Pure alexia, also known as agnosic alexia or alexia without agraphia or pure word blindness, is one form of alexia which makes up "the peripheral dyslexia" group.[1] Individuals who have pure alexia suffer from severe reading problems while other language-related skills such as naming, oral repetition, auditory comprehension or writing are typically intact.[2]
Pure alexia is also known as: "alexia without agraphia",[1] "letter-by-letter dyslexia",[3] "spelling dyslexia",[4], or "word-form dyslexia".[5] Another name for it is "Dejerine syndrome", after Joseph Jules Dejerine, who described it in 1892;[6] however, when using this name, it should not be confused with medial medullary syndrome which shares the same eponym.
Classification
Pure alexia results from cerebral lesions in circumscribed brain regions and therefore belongs to the group of acquired reading disorders, alexia,[1] as opposed to developmental dyslexia found in children who have difficulties in learning to read.[7]
Causes
Pure alexia almost always involves an infarct to the left posterior cerebral artery (which perfuses the splenium of the corpus callosum and left visual cortex, among other things). The resulting deficit will be pure alexia - i.e., the patient can write but cannot read (even what they have just written). This is because the left visual cortex has been damaged, leaving only the right visual cortex (occipital lobe) able to process visual information, but it is unable to send this information to the language areas (Broca's area, Wernicke's area, etc.) in the left brain because of the damage to the splenium of the corpus callosum.[8][9] The patient can still write because the pathways connecting the left-sided language areas to the motor areas are intact.[10]
References
- ^ a b c Coslett HB (2000). "Acquired dyslexia". Semin Neurol 20 (4): 419–26. DOI:10.1055/s-2000-13174. PMID 11149697. https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2000-13174.
- ^ Behrmann M, Shomstein SS, Black SE, Barton JJ (2001). "The eye movements of pure alexic patients during reading and nonreading tasks". Neuropsychologia 39 (9): 983–1002. DOI:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00021-5. PMID 11516450.
- ^ Fiset, D.; Arguin, M.; Bub, D.; Humphreys, G. W.; Riddoch, M. J. (2005). "How to Make the Word-Length Effect Disappear in Letter-by-Letter Dyslexia: Implications for an Account of the Disorder". Psychological Science 16 (7): 535–541. DOI:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01571.x. PMID 16008786. | title = How to Make the Word-Length Effect Disappear in Letter-by-Letter Dyslexia Implications for an Account of the Disorder | journal = Psychological Science | first = Daniel | last = Fiset | coauthors = Martin Arguin, Daniel Bub, Glyn W. Humphreys. M. Jane Riddoch | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 535–541 | year = 2005| pmid = 16008786 doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01571.x | url = http://pss.sagepub.com/content/16/7/535.full | accessdate = 2010-07-07}}
- ^ Warrington, E K; Langdon, D (1994). "Spelling dyslexia: a deficit of the visual word-form". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 57 (2): 211–216. DOI:10.1136/jnnp.57.2.211. | title = Spelling dyslexia: a deficit of the visual word-form | journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry | year = 1994 | first = E K | last = Warrington | coauthors = D Langdon | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 211–216| pmid = 8126508 doi: 10.1136/jnnp.57.2.211 | accessdate = 2010-07-07 | pmc = 1072453}}
- ^ Warrington EK, Shallice T (March 1980). "Word-form dyslexia". Brain 103 (1): 99–112. DOI:10.1093/brain/103.1.99. PMID 6244876.
- ^ Imtiaz KE, Nirodi G, Khaleeli AA (2001). "Alexia without agraphia: a century later". Int. J. Clin. Pract. 55 (3): 225–6. PMID 11351780.
- ^ Temple, C (2006). "Developmental and Acquired Dyslexias". Cortex 42 (6): 898–910. DOI:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70434-9. PMID 17131596. | title = Developmental and Acquired Dyslexias | journal = Cortex | year = 2006 | first = Christine M. | last = Temple | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 898–910| pmid = 17131596 doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70434-9 | url = http://www.cortexjournal.net/article/S0010-9452%2808%2970434-9/abstract | accessdate = 2010-07-07}}
- ^ Sundsten, John W.; Nolte, John (2001). The human brain: an introduction to its functional anatomy. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 552. ISBN 0-323-01320-1. OCLC 48416194.
- ^ "Baylor Neurology Case of the Month". Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20070510031043/http://www.bcm.edu/neurol/challeng/pat23/summary.html. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
- ^ Nolte, John (2009). The human brain: an introduction to its functional anatomy. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 571. ISBN 0-323-04131-0. OCLC 181903953.
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