Alfonsine tables
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Alphonsine Tables
A set of tables giving the positions of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets, published in 1252 under the patronage of Alfonso X (1223?–1284), King of Léon and Castile, who had assembled, at Toledo, many of the world's leading astronomers. The tables were calculated by a team of astronomers using the principles set out by Ptolemy in the Almagest but incorporating more recent observations. They remained the standard in Europe for nearly 400 years, until superceded by the work of Johannes Kepler.
Alfonsine tables or Alphonsine tables (ălfŏn'sĭn), compilation of astronomical data tabulating the positions and movements of the planets, completed c.1252 and printed in Venice in 1483. They were a revision and improvement of the Ptolemaic tables and were compiled at Toledo, Spain, by about 50 astronomers assembled for the purpose by Alfonso X of Castile.
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Alfonsine tables
The Alfonsine tables (Spanish: Tablas alfonsíes) (sometimes spelled Alphonsine tables) provided data for computing the position of the Sun, Moon and planets relative to the fixed stars.
The tables were named after Alfonso X of Castile, who sponsored their creation, they were compiled in Toledo, Spain. They contain astronomical data starting on January 1, 1252, the date of the coronation of the King.
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Production
Alfonso X assembled a team of scholars, known as the Toledo School of Translators, who among other translating tasks, were commanded to produce new tables that updated the Tables of Toledo. The new tables were based on earlier astronomical works and observations by Islamic astronomers, adding observations by astronomers Alfonso had gathered in Toledo, among them several Jewish scholars, like Yehuda ben Moshe and Isaac ibn Sid.[1] He also brought Aben Raghel y Alquibicio and Aben Musio y Mohamat, from Seville, Joseph Aben Alí and Jacobo Abenvena, from Córdoba, and fifty more from Gascony and Paris.[2]
The instructions for the Alfonsine tables were originally written in Castilian Spanish. The first printed edition of the Alfonsine tables appeared in 1483, and a second edition in 1491.[3]
Georg Purbach used the Alfonsine tables for his book, Theoricae novae planetarum (New Theory of the Planets). Nicolaus Copernicus used the second edition in his work. One use of these and similar astronomical tables was to calculate ephemerides, which were in turn used by astrologers to cast horoscopes.[4]
Methodology
The methods of Claudius Ptolemy were used to compute the table, dividing the year into 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 16 seconds—very close to the currently accepted figure. Copernicus's observation that his system could explain the planetary motions with no more than 34 circles has been taken to imply that a large number of additional epicycles had been subsequently introduced into the Ptolemaic system in an attempt to make it conform with observation[5]. (There is a famous (but probably apocryphal)[6] quote attributed to Alfonso upon hearing an explanation of the extremely complicated mathematics required to demonstrate Ptolemy's geocentric model of the solar system: "If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking on creation thus, I should have recommended something simpler.") However, modern computations [7] using Ptolemy's unmodified theory have replicated the published Alfonsine tables.
Popularity
The Alfonsine tables were the most popular astronomical tables in Europe and updated versions were regularly produced for three hundred years. Copernicus himself owned a copy. In 1551, the Prutenic Tables (or Prussian Tables) of Erasmus Reinhold's were published . These tables used the Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system. Copernicus's publication, De revolutionibus, was not easy to use and the Prutenic tables were intended to make the heliocentric model more usable by astrologers and astronomers. However, the Prutenic tables were not widely adopted outside German speaking countries and new ephemerides based on the Alfonsine tables continued to be published[8] until the publication of Johannes Kepler's Rudolphine Tables in 1627.
See also
References
- ^ Noah J. Efron, Judaism and Science: A Historical Introduction (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007).
- ^ Jean Meeus & Denis Savoie, "The history of the tropical year", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 1992, pp.40–42
- ^ Vegas Gonzalez, Serafín, La Escuela de Traductores de Toledo en la Historia del pensamiento, Toledo, Ayuntamiento de Toledo, 1998
- ^ Owen Gingerich, Gutenberg's Gift pp. 319-28 in Library and information services in astronomy V (Astron. Soc. Pacific Conference Series vol. 377, 2007).
- ^ Gingerich, Owen (2005). The Book Nobody Read. London: Arrow. pp. 306. ISBN 0-09-947644-4. quotes the Encyclopaedia Britannica (article unspecified) of 1969 as implying 40-60 epicycles per planet; in the 1974 edition no similar quantified claim can be found
- ^ Owen Gingerich, "Alfonso X as a Patron of Astronomy," pp. 30-45 in Alfonso X of Castile, the Learned King (1221-1284 (Harvard Studies in Romance Languages 43, 1990).
- ^ Owen Gingerich: The Book Nobody Read. Walker, 2004, Ch. 4 (ISBN 0-8027-1415-3)
- ^ http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/tables.html
External links
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