Amin al-Hafiz
Hafez or Hafiz, Amin al- (ämēn' äl-hä'fəz), 1921?-2009, Syrian army officer and politician. He served (1963-65) as chief of state in Syria's Ba'athist government (see Ba'ath party) but had to flee to Lebanon (1965) after radical Ba'athist military officers, led by Nurreddin Attassi and Hafez al-Assad, toppled his government in a coup. He moved his exile to Iraq in 1968 and was sentenced to death in absentia in 1971. Under Bashar al-Assad, who became president in 2000, Hafez was permitted to return (2003) to Syria.
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Amin al-Hafiz
1920-2009
Syrian politician and veteran member of the Baʿth party.
When the Baʿth started to consolidate its hold on power in the coup of March 1963, al-Hafiz emerged as a prominent Syrian politician. After serving as deputy prime minister and minister of the interior in the government of Salah al-Din al-Bitar, al-Hafiz became chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council in July 1963, after which he served as prime minister from November 1963 to May 1964. He also held the post of president of Syria from 1963 to 1966. In the internal political fighting that became the hallmark of Syrian domestic politics in the 1960s, al-Hafiz took the side of the rural-based regionalist group led by General Salah Jadid and Dr. Yusuf Zuʿayyin. As early as January 1965, the regionalists launched a sweeping nationalization program that attacked the entrenched interests of the urban bourgeoisie and put nearly all industry in the hands of the Syrian state. This left-wing group of regionalists was far from being united. In the summer and fall of 1965, internal party strife was brewing. The strife ended with the ouster of alHafiz's wing of the Baʿth Party in February 1966, and the ascendance of the neo-leftist Salah al-Jadid faction. Having lost out to al-Jadid, al-Hafiz went into exile in Lebanon in June 1967. From there he moved with Michel Aflaq and other Syrian politicians to Iraq and aligned himself with the orthodox Baʿthists who seized power in Baghdad in July 1968. His embrace of the pro-Iraqi Baʿth wing made his return to Syria a virtual impossibility. In August 1971, he was sentenced to death in absentia. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in November of the same year. Al-Hafiz and his Syrian associates formed a loose coalition of politicians who opposed Syrian president Hafiz al-Asad and who were involved in anti-Syrian activities on behalf of the rival Baʿth wing in Iraq.
Bibliography
Batatu, Hanna. Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.
— MUHAMMAD MUSLIH
UPDATED BY MICHAEL R. FISCHBACH
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Amin al-Hafiz
| Amin al-Hafez أمين الحافظ |
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| Secretary of the Syrian Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party | |
| In office ? – 23 February 1966 |
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| Preceded by | Hammud al-Shufi |
| Succeeded by | Nureddin al-Atassi |
| President of Syria | |
| In office 27 July 1963 – 23 February 1966 |
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| Preceded by | Luai al-Atassi |
| Succeeded by | Nureddin al-Atassi |
| Prime Minister of Syria | |
| In office 4 October 1964 – 23 September 1965 |
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| Preceded by | Salah al-Din Bitar |
| Succeeded by | Yusuf Zuaiyin |
| In office 12 November 1963 – 13 May 1964 |
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| Preceded by | Salah al-Din Bitar |
| Succeeded by | Salah al-Din Bitar |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1921 Aleppo, Syria |
| Died | December 17, 2009 (aged 88) Aleppo, Syria |
| Political party | Baath Party |
| Spouse(s) | Zeinab al-Hafiz |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Amin al-Hafiz (or Hafez; 1921 – 17 December 2009)[1] (Arabic: أمين الحافظ) was a Syrian politician, general and member of the Ba'th Party.
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Contents
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Career
Early life
Al-Hafiz was born in the city of Aleppo.
His first main political role was in 1958, as part of a Syrian army delegation that visited Gamal Abdul Nasser, the Egyptian president. The two states duly merged into one United Arab Republic in February that year, and Hafez was posted to Cairo. The union crumbled after a Syrian uprising in September 1961, and the resultant secessionist regime banished Hafez to Argentina as Syria's military attaché.[2]
Rise to power
Hafiz led a coup d'etat against the government of Syria in 1963, in the turbulent years after the break-up of the United Arab Republic (UAR), installing the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC) at the head of government. The NCRC was dominated by the Syrian branch of the radical, pan-Arab Ba'ath Party, and Hafiz became its President. As President, he instituted socialist reforms and oriented his country towards the Eastern Bloc.
Eli Cohen affair
During his exile in Buenos Aires, Hafez befriended a supposed Lebanese trader named Kamal Amin Thaabet. Thaabet was actually an Egyptian-born Israeli Mossad agent, Eli Cohen. Thaabet/Cohen arrived in Syria in early 1962, a year before Hafez’s return, and soon began passing information about Syrian military plans to Israel.[2]
As president, Hafez groomed Thaabet/Cohen to be a future defence minister and possibly even his successor. He invited him to functions and have him tours of secret fortifications in the Golan Heights. When Cohen was revealed as a spy in January 1965, Hafez personally interrogated him and ordered the arrest of 500 of his highly-placed friends. Despite international pleas for clemency and his own qualms, Hafez had Cohen publicly hanged in Damascus.[2]
Downfall
On 23 February 1966, he was overthrown by a radical Ba'athist faction headed by Chief of Staff Salah Jadid.[3] [4] A late warning telegram of the coup d'état was sent from President Gamal Abdel Nasser to Nasim Al Safarjalani (The General Secretary of Presidential Council), on the early morning of the coup d'état. The coup sprung out of factional rivalry between Jadid's "regionalist" (qutri) camp of the Ba'ath Party, which promoted ambitions for a Greater Syria and the more traditionally pan-Arab Hafiz faction, called the "nationalist" (qawmi) faction. Jadid's supporters were also seen as more radically left-wing.[5] But the coup was also supported and led by officers from Syria's religious minorities, especially the Alawite Muslims and the Druze, whereas Hafiz belonged to the majority Sunni population. Alawis have ruled Syria ever since.
Exile and return
After being wounded in the three hour shoot out that preceded the coup, Hafez was jailed in Damascus's Mazza prison before being sent to Lebanon in June of 1967. A year later he was relocated to Baghdad. In 1971, the courts of Damascus sentenced him to death in absentia, however Saddam Hussein "treated him and his fellow exile, Ba'ath founder Michel Aflaq, like royalty" and the sentence was not carried out.[6] After the fall of Saddam in the Iraq War of 2003, al-Hafiz was quietly allowed to return to Syria.[7] He died in Aleppo on December 17, 2009, reports of his age differ, but he was believed to be in his late 80's.[8][1] He received a state sponsored funeral.[9]
References
- ^ a b Syria-news (Arabic)
- ^ a b c http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/feb/16/syria
- ^ Associated Press (16 February 2010). "Amin al-Hafez obituary". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/feb/16/syria. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ Associated Press (August 24, 1993). "Salah Jadid, 63, Leader of Syria Deposed and Imprisoned by Assad". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/24/obituaries/salah-jadid-63-leader-of-syria-deposed-and-imprisoned-by-assad.html. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ "Syria:Coups and Countercoups, 1961-70". http://countrystudies.us/. http://countrystudies.us/syria/15.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ "Amin al-Hafez obituary: Leader of Syria's first Ba'athist regime". The Guardian. 16 February 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/feb/16/syria. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ Anthony Shadid (May 18, 2005). "Syria Heralds Reforms, But Many Have Doubts". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/17/AR2005051701426_pf.html. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE (December 18, 2009). "Amin el-Hafez, Baathist Leader of Syria in 1960s, Dies". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/19/world/middleeast/19hafez.html. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ "Amin al-Hafez obituary: Leader of Syria's first Ba'athist regime". The Guardian. 16 February 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/feb/16/syria. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
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