AN/DRC-8 Emergency Rocket Communications System

Emergency Rocket Communications System
Emergency Rocket Communications System payload
Type	Intercontinental ballistic missile/Communications System
Service history
In service	1963-1968 (Blue Scout) 1968-1991 (Minuteman II)
Used by	United States 510th Missile Squadron
Production history
Manufacturer	Boeing
Unit cost	$7,000,000
Specifications
Weight	78,000 lb (35,300 kg)
Length	59 ft 9.5 in (18.2 m)
Diameter	5 ft 6 in (1.7 m) (1st stage)
Warhead	1KW UHF Transmitter
Engine	Three solid-propellant rocket motors; first stage - Thiokol TU-122 (M-55); second stage - Aerojet-General SR-19-AJ-1; third stage - Aerojet/Thiokol SR73-AJ/TC-1
Operational range	8,100 miles (13,000 km)
Flight altitude	700 miles (1,120 kilometers)
Speed	Approximately 15,000 mph (Mach 23, or 24,100 km/h, or 7 km/s) (terminal phase)
Guidance system	Inertial
Launch platform	Silo

The Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS) was a back-up communications method for the United States National Command Authority, using a UHF repeater placed atop a Blue Scout rocket or Minuteman II intercontinental ballistic missile.^[1] ERCS was deactivated as a communication means when President George H.W. Bush issued a message to stand down SIOP-committed bombers and Minuteman IIs.^[2]

Mission

The mission of the Emergency Rocket Communications System was to provide assured communication to United States strategic forces in the event of a nuclear attack. ERCS was basically a rocket or missile, that carried a UHF transmitter as a payload instead of a nuclear warhead. In the event of a nuclear attack, ERCS would launch the UHF transmitter into low space to transmit an Emergency Action Message (EAM) to Strategic Air Command units.^[3][4],^[5][6]

The ERCS sorties had two possible trajectories, East and West, to inform SAC alert forces in the northern tier bases (i.e. Minot AFB, Fairchild AFB, Grand Forks AFB)^[7]

Nomenclature

ERCS was also known as Project 279 (Blue Scout version) and Project 494L (Minuteman version). Sources report that the Project 279 was also known as Project Beanstalk;^[8][9] while the Minuteman system may have been designated LEM-70A.^[10]

Operations

The Blue Scout version of ERCS (Program 279) was deployed to three sites near Wisner, West Point, and Tekamah, Nebraska. The Program 494L Minuteman version of ERCS was only deployed to Whiteman AFB, Missouri's 351st Strategic Missile Wing, under the direct control of the 510th Strategic Missile Squadron (later the 510th Missile Squadron).

ERCS was a three part communications system composed of the following elements:

1. The five 510th Strategic Missile Squadron Launch Control Centers, which exercised primary control over the ERCS
2. The Minuteman missiles configured with ERCS payloads that were capable of accepting a voice recorded message of up to 90 seconds in length
3. The SAC airborne command post (ABNCP) ALCC-equipped aircraft which served as an alternate ERCS control agency.^[11]

Testing

Operational tests of the Minuteman II ERCS were conducted by Air Force Systems Command and Strategic Air Command under the code name GIANT MOON. Launch Control Facility Oscar-1A (LCF O-1A) and Launch Facility Zero Four (LF-04) at Vandenberg AFB, California were modified in 1977 to perform ERCS-related test functions.

ERCS Sortie Location

After the system was declassified, the ten ERCS sorties were powered down and removed from their launch facilities. During these power down operations, the location of the sorties were:

Materiel and Support

The Ogden Air Materiel Area at Hill AFB, Utah was made the Systems Support Manager in August 1963.^[14]

Chronology^[15]

• 1961, 29 September - HQ USAF issues Specific Operational Requirement (SOR) 192, for ERCS (designated Program 279)
• 1961, 27 December - Interim configuration finalized of three rockets with 1 KW transmitters, stationed around Omaha, Nebraska; four sites with three rockets each
• 1962, 5 April - Amendment to SOR 192 to include two east coast ERCS complexes, based on CHROME DOME routes and SAC elements in Europe
• 1962, 21 September - SAC study recommends use of Minuteman missile, to eliminate Program 279 and its proposed expansion
• 1962, 7 June - SAC proposes changes to SOR 192, such as using six Minuteman missiles selected from among the flights of an operational wing; this was envisioned not to impair the alternative capability of substituting nuclear warheads should future circumstances warrant.
• 1962, 11 July - Program 279 attains Initial Operating Capability (IOC); UHF transmitter payloads attached to three MER-6A Blue Scout rockets at three sites near Wisner, West Point, and Tekamah, Nebraska
• 1966, 13 December - A Minuteman II launched from Vandenberg AFB, Calif. carried the first Minuteman ERCS payload into space for testing and evaluation^[16]
• 1967, 17 April - Third, and last, test of the ERCS using a Minuteman booster; Emergency Action Message was inserted into the transmitter from an ALCS aircraft.
• 1967, 15 August - First Program 494L payload arrives at Whiteman AFB, Missouri^[17]
• 1967, 10 October - First two Program 494L ERCS payloads put on alert at Whiteman AFB, Missouri; IOC obtained for Program 494L ERCS^[18]
• 1968, 1 January - Full Operational Capability (FOC) obtained for Program 494L ERCS; Program 279 ERCS inactivated by SAC^[19]
• 1974, 23 October - ERCS test, designated GIANT MOON 6, launched from Vandenberg AFB. Test was monitored on two frequencies by ground facilities. PACOM at Hickam AFB maintained valid reception of the JCS WHITE DOT ONE message for 22 minutes and another message for 14 minutes^[20]
• 1991, 27 September - President George H. W. Bush terminated SAC's alert force operations, which included taking Minuteman II ICBMs (including ERCS sorties) off-alert.

Photo gallery

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  ERCS display sign at NMUSAF

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  ERCS LCC Layout

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  ERCS LF Layout

In popular culture

ERCS is mentioned in The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and its Dangerous Legacy by David Hoffman.^[21]

See also

• Dead Hand - Russia's quasi-version of ERCS, relaying launch codes instead of messages
• Post Attack Command and Control System (PACCS)
• Airborne Launch Control System (ALCS)
• Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN)
• Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network (MEECN)
• Survivable Low Frequency Communications System (SLFCS)
• Primary Alerting System (PAS)
• SAC Automated Command and Control System (SACCS)

References