Anatomy of a Murder (1959) is an American trial court drama film directed by Otto Preminger and written by Wendell Mayes based on the best-selling novel of the same name written by Michigan Supreme Court Justice John D. Voelker under the pen name Robert Traver. Traver based the novel on a 1952 murder case in which he was the defense attorney.[1] The picture stars James Stewart, George C. Scott, Lee Remick, Ben Gazzara, Arthur O'Connell, Eve Arden, Kathryn Grant, Brooks West (Arden's real-life husband),[2] Orson Bean, and Murray Hamilton.[3]This is a movie inspired by both a book, and actual events.
Plot
From the trailer for the film
In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, small-town lawyer Paul Biegler (James Stewart), a former district attorney who lost his re-election bid, takes the case of loutish US Army Lieutenant Frederic Manion (Ben Gazzara), charged with first degree murder for shooting an innkeeper named Barney Quill who allegedly raped Manion's flirtatious wife, Laura (Lee Remick).
Matched against a high-powered big city prosecutor (George C. Scott) sent by the governor to help out the local D.A. (Brooks West), Biegler along with his alcoholic colleague Parnell McCarthy (Arthur O'Connell) and sardonic secretary Maida Rutledge (Eve Arden) try to win Manion's freedom with a defense of irresistible impulse -- a version of a temporary insanity defense.
Biegler's folksy speech and laid-back demeanor hide a sharp legal mind and a propensity for courtroom theatrics that have the visiting judge busy keeping things under control. (The judge is played by lawyer Joseph N. Welch of Army-McCarthy hearings fame in his only film role -- he accepted it only after Preminger agreed to let Welch's wife be on the jury.)[4]
Biegler barely has time for his two favorite hobbies, fishing and playing a jazzy piano. He also has to fend off the advances of Laura, the wife of the jealous man he's defending.
The case hinges on the testimony of Mary Pilant (Kathryn Grant), a Canadian who inherits the inn and is suspected of being the dead man's mistress.
The original murder that inspired the book did actually occur at the Lumberjack Tavern in Big Bay, which is still in existence today. The murder scene body outline is still there, although it may be a restored and not original outline.
Production
The Marquette County Courthouse was used for courthouse scenes.
The film was shot in the Upper Peninsula's (Big Bay, Marquette, Ishpeming, and Michigamme). Some scenes were actually filmed in the Thunder Bay Inn in Big Bay, Michigan, one block from the Lumberjack Tavern, the site of a murder that had inspired much of the novel.
Director Preminger and the script featured unusually frank dialog for 1959. It was among the first Hollywood films to challenge the Hays Code, along with Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot (1959) and Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960).
The role of the judge was offered to both Spencer Tracy and Burl Ives, but ultimately went to Joseph Welch, who had made a name for himself representing the U.S. Army in hearings conducted by Senator Joseph McCarthy. It was Welch who famously asked of McCarthy, "Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?"
Cast
It should be noted as well, the original Jury Panel, was contacted and asked to sit on the set. Many of them sitting there are the origial panel, exceptions being of a few that either died or moved. The ones missing were replaced with sand-ins from the area. Chicago newspaper columnist Irv "Kup" Kupcinet has a small uncredited role in the film, and Joseph Welch's wife appears as a juror, also uncredited. Duke Ellington appears as "Pie-Eye", the owner of a roadhouse, with whom Jimmy Stewart's character plays piano.
Soundtrack
Anatomy of a Murder is noteworthy for being one of the first films to extensively feature jazz in the musical score – the entire musical soundtrack was composed by Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn and played by his orchestra. Several of the Ellington band's sidemen, notably Johnny Hodges, Paul Gonsalves, Harry Carney, Russell Procope, and William "Cat" Anderson, are heard prominently throughout the film, and Ellington himself appears briefly as "Pie-Eye," the owner of a roadhouse where Paul Biegler (Stewart) and Laura Manion (Remick) have a confrontation.
Despite being heard "in bits and pieces" the score "contains some of his most evocative and eloquent music. . . . and beckons with the alluring scent of a femme fatale." Including small pieces by Billy Strayhorn, film historians recognize it "as a landmark — the first significant Hollywood film music by African Americans comprising non-diegetic music, that is, music whose source is not visible or implied by action in the film, like an on-screen band." The score avoids cultural stereotypes which previously characterized jazz scores and "rejected a strict adherence to visuals in ways that presaged the New Wave cinema of the ’60s."[5][6]
The score employs a "handful of themes, endlessly recombined and re-orchestrated. Ellington never wrote a melody more seductive than the hip-swaying “Flirtibird,” featuring the "irresistibly salacious tremor" by Johnny Hodges on the alto saxophone. "A stalking back-beat barely contains the simmering violence of the main title music" The score is heavily dipped in "the scent of the blues and Ellington’s orchestra bursts with color."[6]
Detroit Free Press music critic Mark Stryker concluded: "Though indispensable, I think the score is too sketchy to rank in the top echelon among Ellington-Strayhorn masterpiece suites like Such Sweet Thunder and The Far East Suite, but its most inspired moments are their equal."[6]
The soundtrack, containing 13 tracks, was released on May 29, 1959. A CD was released on April 28, 1995, and reissued by Sony in a deluxe edition in 1999.[6]
Legal aspects
Facade of the Lumberjack Tavern, scene of the actual crime the movie is based on.
The film examines the apparent fallibility of the human factor in jurisprudence.[7][8] In various ways all of the human components – the counsels for defense and prosecution, the defendant and his wife, and the witnesses – have different positions on what is right or wrong, and varying perspectives of what constitutes: integrity and justice; moral and immoral; ethical and not.
It is to be noted that the reliance on credibility of witnesses, and the "finding of facts" based upon those determinations, is the 'Achilles heel' of the judicial process.[8]
One controversial legal issue in this film is possible witness coaching, a violation of legal canons. The only plausible legal defense Lt. Manion has – the insanity defense – is virtually spelled out to a befuddled Manion by his prospective counsel,[9] who then temporarily suspends the conversation and suggests that Manion rethink his factual/legal position. Witness coaching by the prosecution is even more blatant as they call in other jail inmates awaiting sentencing to testify against Manion, and is portrayed as subornation of perjury to an extent. The first suggests that the defendant may be concealing the truth and manipulating his story in order to obtain the best possible verdict, and the latter that the prosecution dangled a possible lighter sentence through plea bargain as an incentive to perjury.[10][11]
Thus, there could be a synergy: compounding the inherent fallible nature of the process with the malleability of memory, the potential mendacity of witnesses, the showmanship and 'magic tricks' involved in trials[12] and advocacy[11], and the self interest, venality, morality, poor perception and recollection, and ethical standards of the participants.[7][8] Indeed, the unreliability of judicial decisions based on demeanor is well established.[13]
In protracted litigation, confabulated memory – filling in the blanks and recreating memories – is common, and research has documented the tendency. Repetitive and suggestive questioning tends to plant the seeds of memory.[14] This book and the movie are among the most cogent examples of the lawyers' dance. “Horse shedding" of witnesses is well known, if controversial and potentially unethical; it is not just an occasion to directly orchestrate perjury. More problematic, it is probable to reach a point where “if you believe it, then it isn’t a lie.” Thus, even letter-perfect bona fide certainty of belief is not equivalent to a certification of accuracy or even truthfulness. This process is called "horse shedding," "sandpapering" or "wood shedding" – the first and last names relating to the place of the "collaboration."[15]
Comparisons of film to novel
The issue of the insanity defense was more thoroughly explored in the novel, and a key scene in which Biegler destroys the credibility and professionalism of the prosecution's psychiatric expert for proffering an opinion without examining the subject is watered down in the film almost to insignificance.
Critical reception
A UCLA law professor, Michael Asimow, calls the picture "probably the finest pure trial movie ever made."[10] It is noteworthy that some law school professors use it as a teaching tool, as it encompasses (from the defense standpoint) all of the basic stages in the U.S. criminal justice system, from client interview and arraignment through trial.[4]
Critics note the moral ambiguity, where small town lawyers triumph by guile, stealth and trickery. The movie is frank and direct. Language and sexual themes are explicit, at variance with the times (and other movies) when it was produced. The black and white palette is seen as a complement to the harsh Upper Peninsula landscape.[16] The movie is "[m]ade in black-and-white but full of local color".[4]
| "After watching an endless succession of courtroom melodramas that have more or less transgressed the bounds of human reason and the rules of advocacy, it is cheering and fascinating to see one that hews magnificently to a line of dramatic but reasonable behavior and proper procedure in a court. Such a one is Anatomy of a Murder, which opened at the Criterion and the Plaza yesterday. It is the best courtroom melodrama this old judge has ever seen. . . . Outside of the fact that this drama gets a little tiring in spots—in its two hours and forty minutes, most of which is spent in court—it is well nigh flawless as a picture of an American court at work, of small-town American characters and of the average sordidness of crime." |
| — Bosley Crowther, New York Times, July 3, 1959.[17] |
In 1989, the American Bar Association rated this as one of the 12 best trial movies of all time. In addition to its plot and musical score, the article noted: "The film's real highlight is its ability to demonstrate how a legal defense is developed in a difficult case. How many trial films would dare spend so much time watching lawyers do what many lawyers do most (and enjoy least) — research?"[18]
In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed AFI's 10 Top 10, the best 10 films in 10 "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Anatomy of a Murder was selected as the seventh best film in the courtroom drama genre. [19] (In a 1999 AFI poll, star James Stewart was ranked # 3 of the Top 25 American male screen legends.) The Internet Movie Database rates it number 19 of 807 trial movies.[20]
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on thirty-six reviews.[21]
"Over the years, the movie's reputation has grown. Many movie buffs believe that its adult subject matter (along with that of Psycho and Some Like It Hot) challenged the censorship guidelines the film industry" labored under at the time.[4]
Awards and honors
Wins
Nominations
- Academy Awards: Oscar; Best Actor in a Leading Role, James Stewart; Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Arthur O'Connell; Best Actor in a Supporting Role, George C. Scott; Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Sam Leavitt; Best Film Editing, Louis R. Loeffler; Best Picture Otto Preminger; Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium, Wendell Mayes; 1960.
- British Academy of Film and Television Arts: BAFTA Film Award, Best Film from any Source, Otto Preminger, USA; Best Foreign Actor, James Stewart, USA; Most Promising Newcomer, Joseph N. Welch, USA; 1960.
- Directors Guild of America: DGA Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures, Otto Preminger; 1960.
- Golden Globe Award: Golden Globe; Best Motion Picture - Drama; Best Motion Picture Actress - Drama, Lee Remick; Best Motion Picture Director, Otto Preminger; Best Supporting Actor, Joseph N. Welch; 1960.
Stage adaptation
After Traver's novel was published, St. Martins Press planned to have it adapted for the stage, intending a Broadway production, which would then be made into a film. Before he died in December 1957, John Van Druten wrote a rough draft of the play adaptation. Some time after that, the publisher then made the film rights available, and these were purchased by Otto Preminger.[22]
Eventually, Traver's book was adapted for the stage in 1963 by Elihu Winer. It premiered at the Mill Run Theater in suburban Chicago, and was published in 1964 by Samuel French.[23]
References
Notes
- ^ Anatomy of a Murder, ISBN 9780312033569, ISBN 0312033567, large print ISBN 0783816669.
- ^ Grave Hunter, Brooks West.
- ^ Anatomy of a Murder at the Internet Movie Database.
- ^ a b c d e f Monaghan, John, The movie that put Ishpeming on the map: UP plans events this summer to mark 50th anniversary of Anatomy of a Murder, January 20, 2009 Detroit Free Press.
- ^ Cooke, Mervyn (2008). History of Film Music, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521010481.
- ^ a b c d Stryker, Mark, Ellington's score still celebrated, January 20, 2009 Detroit Free Press.
- ^ a b Frank, Jerome, (1973) Courts on Trial, Princeton University Press, pp. 23-24. 318.
- ^ a b c Thomas, Edward Wilfrid. (2006) Judicial Process: Realism, Pragmatism, Practical Reasoning and Principles, Auckland University Press), pp. 318-324. ISBN 9780521855662; ISBN 0521855667. Winner Publishing Awards: 2005 J F Northey Prize for Best Published Work and 2006 Legal Research Foundation of New Zealand.
- ^ See generally, Shaul, Richard D., “Anatomy of a Murder”, Michigan History, November/December 2001.
- ^ a b Asimow, Michael. Picturing Justice, film review from a legal perspective, February 1998.
- ^ a b Saltzburg, Stephen A. (2006) Trial Tactics American Bar Association pp. 225, 231. ISBN 159031767X; ISBN 9781590317679.
- ^ See generally, Keeton, Robert E. (1973) Trial tactics and methods (2nd Ed.) (Boston: Little, Brown) pp. 456 ISBN 0316485721; ISBN 9780316485722
- ^ Societé d'Avancé Egyptienne v Merchants Marine Insurance Co. 'the Palitana' (1924) Lloyd's Law Rep 140 at 152 (1924).
- ^ "Underwood, J. & Pezdek, K. (1998). Memory suggestibility as an example of the sleeper effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 449-453.". http://www.uark.edu/misc/lampinen/read/underwood.html.
- ^ See Garner, Bryan A. (2004). Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Ed. (West Group, St. Paul Minnesota, 1999), pp. 742, 1342 and 1598) ISBN 0-314-22864-0. See also, Eugene C. Gerhart, Quote it Completely!: World Reference Guide to More Than 5,500 Memorable Quotations (Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1998) ISBN 1575884003.
- ^ A collection of professional reviews, rottentomatoes.com.. Last accessed: November 22, 2007.
- ^ Crowther, Bosley. The New York Times, film review, "A Court Classic," July 3, 1959.
- ^ Verone, Patric M. "The 12 Best Trial Movies" from the ABA Journal, November 1989 reprinted in Nebraska Law Journal.
- ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10". American Film Institute. 2008-06-17. http://www.afi.com/10top10/crdrama.html. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
- ^ 807 "Best trial movies" at Internet Movie Database.
- ^ Anatomy of a Murder at Rotten Tomatoes. Last accessed: June 19, 2008.
- ^ "Anatomy of a Murder 50th Anniversary". http://www.nmu.edu/voelker/.
- ^ Winer, Elihu. (1964) Anatomy of a Murder: a court drama in three acts. New York: Samuel French, pp. 106 ISBN 0573605300; ISBN 978-0573605307.
Bibliography
Further reading
- Bergman, Paul; Asimow, Michael. (2006) Reel justice: the courtroom goes to the movies (Kansas City : Andrews and McMeel). ISBN 0740754602; ISBN 978-0740754609; ISBN 0836210352; ISBN 978-0836210354.
- Machura, Stefan and Robson, Peter, eds. Law and Film: Representing Law in Movies (Cambridge: Blackwell Publishing, 2001). ISBN 0631228160, ISBN 9780631228165 176 pages, pp. 15, 17, 129.
External links
- Anatomy of a Murder at the Internet Movie Database
- Anatomy of a Murder at the TCM Movie Database
- Anatomy of a Murder at Allmovie
- Anatomy of a Murder at American Film Institute
- Baulch, Vivian M., The Detroit News, "When Hollywood Came to the Upper Peninsula."
- Bergman, Shirley J., “The Real Trial”, Michigan History, November/December 2001.
- Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society, John D. Voelker Biography and bust.
- 50th Anniversary Celebration of Anatomy of a Murder at Northern Michigan University
- Michigan Archive, Michigan History Arts and Letters, John D. Voelker.
- Shaul, Richard D., “Anatomy of a Murder”, Michigan History, November/December 2001.
- Shaul, Richard D., “Backwoods Barrister” (regarding John Voelker), Michigan History, November/December 2001.
- Two trailers for Anatomy of a Murder at IMDB.com.
- Trailer. Internet Archive
