(1875-1959) French pioneer of electoral geography. Famed for his intensely detailed ecological studies of the relationship between geographical and political variables, showing, for instance, how different types of soil conditions and farming patterns were associated with different patterns of voting. Because of both the volume of work involved and the difficulty of avoiding the ‘ecological fallacy’, he has had few English-speaking imitators except V. O. Key and Henry Pelling. However, more sophisticated statistics and more powerful computers have revived an interest in electoral geography and in ecological association, which used with care can give valuable information about times and places where survey-based evidence is unavailable.




