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| Apolipoprotein A-IV | ||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | ||||||||||||||
| Symbols | APOA4; MGC142154; MGC142156 | |||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 107690 MGI: 88051 HomoloGene: 47927 | |||||||||||||
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| RNA expression pattern | ||||||||||||||
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| More reference expression data | ||||||||||||||
| Orthologs | ||||||||||||||
| Species | Human | Mouse | ||||||||||||
| Entrez | 337 | 11808 | ||||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000110244 | ENSMUSG00000032080 | ||||||||||||
| UniProt | P06727 | A0AUP0 | ||||||||||||
| RefSeq | NM_000482 (mRNA) | NM_007468 (mRNA) | ||||||||||||
| NP_000473 (protein) | NP_031494 (protein) | |||||||||||||
| Location | Chr 11: 116.2 - 116.2 Mb |
Chr 9: 45.99 - 45.99 Mb |
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| PubMed search | [1] | [2] | ||||||||||||
Apolipoprotein A-IV (also known as apoA-IV, apoAIV, or apoA4) is plasma protein that is the product of the human gene APOA4.[1][2]
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Gene
APOA4 resides on chromosome 11 in close linkage to APOA1 and APOC3. APOA4 contains 3 exons separated by two introns, and is polymorphic, although most of the reported sequence polymorphisms occur in exon 3. The best validated and studied non-synonymous SNPs are a glutamine → histidine substitution at codon 380 and a threonine → serine substitution at codon 367; a sequence polymorphism has also been identified in the 3'UTR of the third exon.[3] Intra-species comparative gene sequence analysis suggests that the APOA4 gene arose from APOA1 by gene duplication approximately 270 MYA.[4]
Function
The primary translation product of the APOA4 gene is a 396-residue preprotein, which undergoes proteolytic processing to yield apo A-IV, a 376-reside mature O-linked glycoprotein. In most mammals, including humans, apo A-IV synthesis is confined to the intestine; however in mice and rats hepatic synthesis also occurs. Apo A-IV is secreted into circulation on the surface of newly synthesized chylomicron particles. Intestinal fat absorption dramatically increases the synthesis and secretion of apo A-IV. Although its primary function in human lipid metabolism has not been established, apo A-IV has been found to: 1) activate lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesterylester transfer protein in vitro; 2) play a role in the regulation of appetite and satiety in rodent models; 3) display anti-oxidant and anti-atherogenic properties in vitro and in rodent models; 4) modulate the efficiency of enterocyte and hepatic transcellular lipid transport in vitro[3]. Human apo A-IV deficiency has not been reported.
Interactions
APOA4 has been shown to interact with GPLD1.[5]
References
- ^ Karathanasis SK, Oettgen P, Haddad IA, Antonarakis SE (November 1986). "Structure, evolution, and polymorphisms of the human apolipoprotein A4 gene (APOA4)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (22): 8457–61. PMID 3095836.
- ^ Elshourbagy NA, Walker DW, Paik YK, Boguski MS, Freeman M, Gordon JI, Taylor JM (June 1987). "Structure and expression of the human apolipoprotein A-IV gene". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (17): 7973–81. PMID 3036793.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: APOA4 apolipoprotein A-IV". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=337.
- ^ Luo CC, Li WH, Moore MN, Chan L (Feb 1986). "Structure and evolution of the apolipoprotein multigene family". J.Mol Biol. 187 (3): 325–340. PMID 3084795.
- ^ Deeg, M A; Bierman E L, Cheung M C (Mar. 2001). "GPI-specific phospholipase D associates with an apoA-I- and apoA-IV-containing complex". J. Lipid Res. (United States) 42 (3): 442–51. ISSN 0022-2275. PMID 11254757.
Further reading
- von Eckardstein A, Funke H, Schulte M, et al. (1992). "Nonsynonymous polymorphic sites in the apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV gene are associated with changes in the concentration of apo B- and apo A-I-containing lipoproteins in a normal population.". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50 (5): 1115–28. PMID 1349197.
- Kamboh MI, Williams ER, Law JC, et al. (1993). "Molecular basis of a unique African variant (A-IV 5) of human apolipoprotein A-IV and its significance in lipid metabolism.". Genet. Epidemiol. 9 (6): 379–88. doi:. PMID 1487136.
- Lohse P, Kindt MR, Rader DJ, Brewer HB (1991). "Three genetic variants of human plasma apolipoprotein A-IV. apoA-IV-1(Thr347----Ser), apoA-IV-0(Lys167----Glu,Gln360----His), and apoA-IV-3(Glu165----Lys).". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (21): 13513–8. PMID 1677358.
- Tenkanen H, Koskinen P, Metso J, et al. (1992). "A novel polymorphism of apolipoprotein A-IV is the result of an asparagine to serine substitution at residue 127.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1138 (1): 27–33. PMID 1737067.
- Lohse P, Kindt MR, Rader DJ, Brewer HB (1990). "Human plasma apolipoproteins A-IV-0 and A-IV-3. Molecular basis for two rare variants of apolipoprotein A-IV-1.". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (21): 12734–9. PMID 1973689.
- Tenkanen H, Lukka M, Jauhiainen M, et al. (1991). "The mutation causing the common apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism is a glutamine to histidine substitution of amino acid 360.". Arterioscler. Thromb. 11 (4): 851–6. PMID 2065039.
- de Temmerman P, Visvikis S, Boerwinkle E, Siest G (1990). "Study of the sequence tagged site (STS) in the beginning of human apo A4 gene region.". Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (18): 5576. doi:. PMID 2216752.
- Wei S, Rocchi M, Archidiacono N, et al. (1990). "Physical mapping of the human chromosome 11q23 region containing the ataxia-telangiectasia locus.". Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 46 (1): 1–8. doi:. PMID 2331673.
- Lohse P, Kindt MR, Rader DJ, Brewer HB (1990). "Genetic polymorphism of human plasma apolipoprotein A-IV is due to nucleotide substitutions in the apolipoprotein A-IV gene.". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (17): 10061–4. PMID 2351649.
- Yang CY, Gu ZW, Chong IS, et al. (1989). "The primary structure of human apolipoprotein A-IV.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1002 (2): 231–7. PMID 2930771.
- Elshourbagy NA, Walker DW, Boguski MS, et al. (1986). "The nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence of human apolipoprotein A-IV mRNA and the close linkage of its gene to the genes of apolipoproteins A-I and C-III.". J. Biol. Chem. 261 (5): 1998–2002. PMID 3080432.
- Bisgaier CL, Sachdev OP, Lee ES, et al. (1987). "Effect of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase on distribution of apolipoprotein A-IV among lipoproteins of human plasma.". J. Lipid Res. 28 (6): 693–703. PMID 3611972.
- Karathanasis SK, Yunis I, Zannis VI (1986). "Structure, evolution, and tissue-specific synthesis of human apolipoprotein AIV.". Biochemistry 25 (13): 3962–70. doi:. PMID 3755616.
- Karathanasis SK (1985). "Apolipoprotein multigene family: tandem organization of human apolipoprotein AI, CIII, and AIV genes.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (19): 6374–8. doi:. PMID 3931073.
- Gordon JI, Bisgaier CL, Sims HF, et al. (1984). "Biosynthesis of human preapolipoprotein A-IV.". J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1): 468–74. PMID 6706947.
- Menzel HJ, Dieplinger H, Sandholzer C, et al. (1995). "Apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphism in the Hungarian population: gene frequencies, effect on lipid levels, and sequence of two new variants.". Hum. Mutat. 5 (1): 58–65. doi:. PMID 7728150.
- Duverger N, Tremp G, Caillaud JM, et al. (1996). "Protection against atherogenesis in mice mediated by human apolipoprotein A-IV.". Science 273 (5277): 966–8. doi:. PMID 8688083.
- Deeb SS, Nevin DN, Iwasaki L, Brunzell JD (1997). "Two novel apolipoprotein A-IV variants in individuals with familial combined hyperlipidemia and diminished levels of lipoprotein lipase activity.". Hum. Mutat. 8 (4): 319–25. doi:. PMID 8956036.
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