araucaria

Araucaria Fossil range: 250–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Jurassic[1]- recent
Araucaria columnaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Araucariaceae
Genus:	Araucaria Juss.
Species
See text.

Araucaria is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. There are 19 species in the genus, with a highly disjunct distribution in New Caledonia (where 13 species are endemic), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, and southern Brazil.

Description

Araucaria are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30-80 m. The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow awl-shaped and lanceolate, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.

The trees are mostly dioecious, with male and female cones found on separate trees, though occasional individuals are monoecious or change sex with time. The female cones, usually high on the top of the tree, are globose, and vary in size between species from 7-25 cm diameter. They contain 80-200 large, edible seeds, similar to pine nuts though larger. The male cones are smaller, 4-10 cm long, and narrow to broad cylindrical, 1.5-5 cm broad.

Distribution

Many if not all current populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and maquis shrubland, with an affinity for exposed sites. These columnar trees are living fossils, dating back to early in the Mesozoic age. Fossil records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period.

Uses

Some of the species are relatively common in cultivation because of their distinctive, formal symmetrical growth habit. Several species are economically important for timber production and the edible seeds.

Etymology of name

The genus is familiar to many people as the genus of the distinctive Monkey-puzzle tree Araucaria araucana. The genus is named after the Arauco Indians of central Chile and south-west Argentina whose territory incorporates natural stands of this species, where it is known as the Pehuén. These Native Americans, who name themselves the Pehuenche ('people of the Pehuén'), harvest the seeds extensively for food. No distinct vernacular name exists for the genus; many are erroneously called 'pine', despite their being only very distantly related to pines (Pinus).

Classification and species list

Petrified cone of Araucaria sp. from Patagonia, Argentina dating from the Jurassic Period (approx. 210 mya)

There are two sections in the genus, sometimes treated as separate genera:

• Section Araucaria. Leaves broad; cones more than 12cm diameter; seed germination hypogeal. Syn. sect. Columbea; sometimes subdivided into three sections or subsections.
  • Araucaria angustifolia. Paraná Pine (obsolete: Brazilian Pine, Candelabra Tree). Southeastern Brazil, northeastern Argentina.
  • Araucaria araucana. Monkey-puzzle or Pehuén (obsolete: Chile Pine). Central Chile & western Argentina.
  • Araucaria bidwillii. Bunya-bunya. Eastern Australia (sometimes placed in sect. Bunya).
  • Araucaria hunsteinii. Klinki. New Guinea (sometimes placed in sect. Intermedia).
• Section Eutacta. Leaves narrow, awl-like; cones less than 12cm diameter; seed germination epigeal. See the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh web site for New Caledonian Araucaria research http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/science/research/biodiversity/arauc.jsp
  • Araucaria bernieri. New Caledonia.

Araucaria columnaris sapling from Kolkata, India with distinctive axial bud.

• • Araucaria biramulata. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria columnaris. Cook Pine. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria cunninghamii. Moreton Bay Pine, Hoop Pine. Eastern Australia, New Guinea.
  • Araucaria heterophylla. Norfolk Island Pine. Norfolk Island.
  • Araucaria humboldtensis. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria laubenfelsii. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria luxurians. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria montana. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria muelleri. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria nemorosa. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria rulei. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria schmidii. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria scopulorum. New Caledonia.
  • Araucaria subulata. New Caledonia.

Gallery

Araucaria	Araucaria columnaris branch	Araucaria araucana natural environment	Araucaria araucana growing around a lake Neuquén, Argentina
Araucaria araucana with seed cones	Araucaria araucana	Mature Araucaria tree (A. bidwillii) as an exotic ornamental tree in Valparaiso, Chile	Araucaria araucana sapling in Chester Zoo
Araucaria view from above	Three different members of the genus growing together - left to right, A. columnaris, A. cunninghamii and A. bidwillii	Araucaria araucana very old	Fossil branch and cones of Araucaria mirabilis
Araucaria seeds

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Araucaria

• Gymnosperm Database: Araucaria
• Araucaria Research
• Some of the tallest Araucaria Angustifolia, Heterophylla and Columnaris in the northern hemisphere, stand side by side at Furnas, Azores Islands.

Uses in popular culture

An araucaria plant is a prominent item in Herman Hesse's novel Steppenwolf.

References