Arthus reaction
McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Dictionary:
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Arthus reaction
(′är·thəs rē′ak·shən)
(immunology) An allergic reaction of the immediate hypersensitive type that results from the union of antigen and antibody, with complement present, in blood vessel walls.
Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry:
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Arthus reaction
a complement-dependent hypersensitivity reaction caused when antigen reacts with precipitating antibody in the skin or other tissues, forming microprecipitates in and around the small blood vessels and, secondarily, damaging cells. In the passive Arthus reaction antibody is injected intravenously and the antigen applied locally; in the reversed passive Arthus reaction the opposite applies. An active Arthus reaction may occur when antigen is injected locally subsequent to previous injection of the same antigen. The inflammation that results is by type III mechanisms (see hypersensitivity (def. 2)). [Described by (Nicholas) Maurice Arthus (1862 — 1945), French physiologist and bacteriologist, in 1903.]
| Arsenazo III, Arrhenius equation, Arp | |
| As, As, Ascoli test |
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary:
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Arthus reaction
A local antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reaction in which antibody–antigen complexes which fix complement are deposited in the walls of small vessels causing acute inflammation with an infiltration of neutrophils. Characteristic of type III hypersensitivity reactions. See also serum sickness.
- passive cutaneous A. r. — antiserum is injected intravenously and the corresponding antigen is injected into the skin.
- reverse passive A. r. — antiserum is injected into the skin and the antigen is injected into the same site or intravenously.
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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Arthus reaction
| Arthus reaction | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | T78.4 |
| ICD-9 | 995.21 |
| DiseasesDB | 33220 |
| MeSH | D001183 |
In immunology, the Arthus reaction is a type of local type III hypersensitivity reaction. Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex-mediated, and involve the deposition of antigen/antibody complexes mainly in the vascular walls, serosa (pleura, pericardium, synovium), and glomeruli.
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Contents
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History
The Arthus reaction was discovered by Nicolas Maurice Arthus in 1903.[1] Arthus repeatedly injected horse serum subcutaneously into rabbits. After four injections, he found that there was edema and that the serum was absorbed slowly. Further injections eventually led to gangrene.
Process
The Arthus reaction involves the in situ formation of antigen/antibody complexes after the intradermal injection of an antigen (as seen in passive immunity). If the animal/patient was previously sensitized (has circulating antibody), an Arthus reaction occurs. Typical of most mechanisms of the type III hypersensitivity, Arthus manifests as local vasculitis due to deposition of IgG-based immune complexes in dermal blood vessels. Activation of complement primarily results in cleavage of soluble anaphylotoxins C5a and C3a, which drive recruitment of PMNs as well as local mast cell degranulation (requiring the binding of the immune complex onto FcγRIII[2]), resulting in an inflammatory response. Further aggregation of immune complex-related processes ensures in the tissue vessel walls a local fibrinoid necrosis with ischemia-aggravating superimposed thrombosis[3] . The end result is a localized area of redness and induration that typically lasts a day or so.
Arthus reactions have been infrequently reported after vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. To quote from the CDC:[4]
"Arthus reactions (type III hypersensitivity reactions) are rarely reported after vaccination and can occur after tetanus toxoid–containing or diphtheria toxoid–containing vaccines. An Arthus reaction is a local vasculitis associated with deposition of immune complexes and activation of complement. Immune complexes form in the setting of high local concentration of vaccine antigens and high circulating antibody concentration. Arthus reactions are characterized by severe pain, swelling, induration, edema, hemorrhage, and occasionally by necrosis. These symptoms and signs usually occur 4–12 hours after vaccination. ACIP has recommended that persons who experienced an Arthus reaction after a dose of tetanus toxoid–containing vaccine should not receive Td more frequently than every 10 years, even for tetanus prophylaxis as part of wound management."
References
- ^ Injections répétées de serum du cheval chez le lapin, Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales, Paris, 55 (1903), 817–820.
- ^ Parham, Peter (2009). "12" (in English). The Immune System (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. p. 390.
- ^ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, A.K., Fausto, N, & Aster, J.C. (2010). "6". In William Schmitt (in English). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Philidelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier. p. 205.
- ^ Preventing Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Among Adolescents: Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines, K. R. Broder et al., MMWR Recommendations and Reports, March 24, 2006 / 55(RR03), 1–34, page 18.
See also
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McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Dictionary
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Copyright © 2003, 1994, 1989, 1984, 1978, 1976, 1974 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry
Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved.
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Saunders Veterinary Dictionary
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.
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