For the Indian cricketer sehwag, see Virender Sehwag.
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Indo-Aryan peoples • Indic Race • Indo-Scythians • Indo-Iranians |
Classically called Arsagalitae, Sihag (सिहाग) , Siyag (सिहाग) , Sehwag (सहवाग) , Suhag (सुहाग) , Siag (सियाग) , Siyak (सियाक), Syak (स्याक), Sehag (सेहाग), Syag (स्याग), Sinhwag (सींहवाग), Siwal (सिवाल), Bolan(बोलन), Asii(असी), Asiagh (असिहाग) is a gotra (clan) of Jats found in Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in India. They are known as Ashkenaz in Iran, Asiani in Greece, Asii in Central Asia and Asika in old indian literatures like Mahabharata. Apart from India, this gotra is also found in Europe and America. Sihag are suryavanshiKshatriyas. According to Kautilya the people who depended on "Asii" (sword) for their living were known as Asiagh.Sihag are one of the most ancient warrior gotra of Jats. Asiagh are the ancient royal bloodline of jats. They were first inhabitants of Scandinavia and they also founded Jutland as their homeland in Europe.[2] Dilip Singh Ahlawat has mention it as one of the ruling Jat clans in Central Asia.[3]
History
They were fierce battlers and known for their bravery and sacrifice and were war-like martial race. They ruled on many parts in central Asia and Europe and were major ruling jat gotra(clan).They were pure Scythians males who migrated from Europe and central Asia to north-western India and conquered many parts of it.They intermingled with pure Aryan females of this area.
Thus they are merged decendents of Indo-Scythians and Indo-Scythians.
Sihags and Manns of Western Punjab and Rajasthan consider themselves to be the brethren of the Her and Bhular gotras(clan).
The Sihags are mentioned in the Puranas and the Mahabharat. A Sihag king offered a gift to Yudhisthra on his coronation. Thousands of years ago Her,Dahiya,Bhular and Sihag lived in Iran and Turkistan.
Kot Kaloor(Pallu) in Mewar has been the capital of the Sihag rulers. Pahulkot has also been their capital. Some names of these Sihag rulers were Vir Rana,Dhir Rana,Sivaji Sihag,Manak Dev Ji,Chokha Singh Sihag etc. They are mentioned in the manuscript of genealogical tables in the possession of Gorakh Singh.
Rulers in Jangladesh(Rajasthan)
It has been said by karnal Todd,Thakur Deshraj and many other historians that that Asiagh(Sihag),Pooniah,Godara,Sarun,Beniwal and Johya were aboriginal owners and Lords of Land of Maroo,Jangladesh(Rajasthan) and they conquered Jangladesh even before birth of Jesus Christ. They were nomadic tribes and lived pastoral life like all other scythians.karnal Todd considers them to be Getae of major Scythian tribe massagetae(Great Jats).
According to Thakur Deshraj,Todd and Dayaldas, Asiagh(Sihag) were rulers in North Jangladesh(Rajasthan) prior to the rule of Rathores . Jangladesh coincided with the princely state of Bikaner in Rajasthan. When Rathores under the leadership of Bika and Kandal were spreading their rule in Jangladesh, At that time Asiagh(Sihag) Jat were ruling in about 150 villages in Jangledesh. Chokha Singh Sihag was their king and their capital was at Pallu(Kot Kaloor) town and their another capital was Sui(Sihaggoti). Rawatsar, Devasar, Biramsar, Moteir, Dandusar and Gandeli were other famous towns in their state.They ruled in Jangladesh(Rajasthan) for 2500 years.Birhmani Mata's mandir at Pallu(Kot Kaloor) is very famous. It is known that Shivaji Siag had drunk the milk of a lioness. Son of Shivaji Siag, Manak Dev Ji had a war with Momgharuka (king of Kot Kaloor) and won. The name of daughter of Momgharuka was Pal and modern Pallu town was named after her and its earliar its name was Kot Kaloor . The name of Manak Dev Ji's wife was Laachha Devi. Laachha Devi was of Dudi Gotra. Manak Dev Ji had died in war with Laakha. Manak Dev Ji's wife was burnt as 'Sati' at a Johad (pond) in Pallu.
Pallu(Kot Kaloor) was the main attraction of Jain religion and there many 11th century old Idols(मूर्तियाँ) had found. One of those Idols(मूर्तियाँ) are now in National musium,New Delhi and another in Bikaner musium.
Chokha Singh Sihag had war with Rathores but the Godara Jats and Delhi Muslims had aligned with Rathores due to which Asiaghs faced a defeat. Rathores had established good relations with the Delhi Muslim rulers and became powerful. The lack of harmony and coordination among other Jat rulers led to the defeat of Jat states in Jangladesh and established the Rathore Kingdom.It has been known that even after defeat Sihag's did'nt accepted Rathore's rule and they knew that Sihag's will be great trouble for them so,Rathore's cheated Sihag's and called them in a hall(बाड़ा) for conference and burnt them alive. Part of above information has been obtained from Gorakh Singh,Thakur Deshraj,Todd and Dayaldas and Uday Singh,Rao of Siags (ancestry record keeper), who lives in Gobindgarh village near Ajmer. .[4][5]
Story about King Chokha Singh Sihag
Once Godara king had sent his messenger to King Chokha Singh Sihag Ji of Jangladesh to irritate king Chokha Singh ji and provoke him to fight. So, that messenger went to Devasar village near Pallu. There is a pond in Devasar village where Chokha Singh ji used to take bath and meditated on its shore. Chokha Singh ji was meditating when that messenger reached him. The messenger reached him and said," I am a messenger of Godaras, give me some offerings". Chokha Singh ji replied, " If you want to have food, it will be prepared soon but I don't give offerings." As the messenger was ordered to say to Chokha Singh ji, he said,"What type of king you are?" On this, Chokha Singh ji took a handful of water and splashed it onto the messenger. Chokha Singh ji said," Take this and go away". But the messenger was astonished on seeing that the water had turned into gold Ashrafees. When the messenger returned to Godara king, he told them:-
- सियागां मैं सम्प घणों, दूजी जात न जोड़ Siagaan mein samp ghano, dooji jaat na jod
- सियाग चोखै दान दियो, छपन लाख करोड़ Siag Chokhai daan diyo,chappan lakh crore
Mention by Megasthenes
Asiagh is one of the Jat clans as described by Megasthenes. Megasthenes was an ambassador of Seleucus I of Syria to the court of Sandrocottus (Chandragupta Maurya) of India, in Pataliputra. According to Megasthenes at that time Asiagh Jats were inhabited in northern Punjab region known as Amanda.
:23.Then succeeds a level tract of country known by the general name of Amanda (Manda)- The Peucolaitae (Panghal), Arsagalitae (Asiagh), Geretae (Getae), Asoi (Asiagh) - Whereof the tribes are four in number.
see-Megasthenes.
In Central Asia
I.Sara, a Canadian barrister and solicitor has pointed out that the recent excavations in the Ukraine and Crimea provide visible links of Jats and Scythians.
Cap. Dalip Singh Ahalawat has reported in an article published in Jat Samaj Patrika (Oct./Nov.1991) that Jats had ruled in Scythia and Central Asia. He has given a list of about 70 Jat gotras who have ruled over there.
Cap. Dalip Singh has mentioned following Jat gotras who ruled over Scythia and Central Asia in his book "jat veeron ka itihaas"- 1.Saka 2.barbar 3.shivi 4.palhav 5.chol 6.kamboj 7.valhik 8.pandyav 9.rishik 10.tushar 11.kundu 12.nagavanshi 13.kalkhande 14.kang 15.darad 16.Sihag 17.her 18.bhullar 19.dahiya 20.maurya-maur 21.nav-nauvar 22.yaudheya 23.jakhar 24.punia 25.gaur 26.naga 27.kalkal 28.kuru-kaurav 29.tomar-tanwar 30.tur 31.tatran 32.maan 33.ven 34.ojhlan 35.kashyap 36.kaswan 37.kuran 38.pahalvi 39.sandharan 40.odhran 41.hans 42.dabas 43.chahal 44.sikarwar 45.china 46.gill 47.gujar 48.johal 49.lamba 50.chhikara 51.ghangas 52.nohwar 53.puruya-paurav 54.ahlawat 55.kataria 56.khatkar 57.rathi 58.sindhu 59.chalukya 60.gulia 61.kuntal-khoontal 62.khasa 63.tangal 64.utar 65.sheoran 66.mirdha-mira 67.baraich 68.shishi 69.dagar 70.bhadra.
According to Todd's Rajasthan (based upon the writings of Justin and Herodotus), thousands of years before Christ, the Sihag Mahajati tribe lived on the bank of the River Oxus(Amu Darya). The Her, Bhular and Dahiya sub-tribes lived in the adjoining countries of Iran and Turkistan.
They were one of the nomadic tribes, mentioned in Roman and Greek accounts who are said to have been responsible for the downfall of the state of Bactria circa 140 BCE.They defeated Greek kings. These tribes are usually identified as Scythian or Saka peoples.
Thakur Deshraj has mentioned in his book on History of Jats “Jat Itihas” (Hindi) (1934) that the country Assyria gets its name from Asiagh gotra Jats. The origin of word Asiagh is from Sanskrit word ‘Asii’ meaning sword. According to Kautilya the people who depended on ‘Asii’ (sword) for their living were known as Asiagh. The Asiaghs moved from Asirgarh in Malwa to Europe. Those who settled in Jangladesh were called Sihag and those who moved to Scandinavia were known as Asii. Jats entered Scandinavia around 500 BCE and their leader was Odin Singh. James Tod considers Odin to be derived from Buddha or Bodan. The Asii Jats founded Jutland as their homeland in Scandinavia. The religious book of Scandinavia ‘Edda’ mentions that the ancient inhabitants of Scandinavia were Jats or Jits who were Aryans known as Asii people and came to this land from Asirgarh.
Asirgarh is a site of an ancient fort situated in Burhanpur district of Malwa region in Madhya Pradesh, India. Thakur Deshraj further quotes Scandinavian writer Mr Count Johnsturn who says that Scandinavians came from India. According to James Todd Scandinavia is derived from Sanskrit word ‘Skandhnabh’.
The above view is further supported by Mangal Sen Jindal (1992): History of Origin of Some Clans in India (with special Reference to Jats), (ISBN 81-85431-08-6) that the people of Scandinavia were Jats and they founded Jutland as their homeland.
Quoting Herodotus Todd writes that these people worshipped according to Indian customs and they considered sight of certain birds as good omen.
It is of interest that ancient name of Hansi in Hisar district of Haryana was also Asigarh.
According to G. Bongard-Levin and A. Vigasin, Soviet studied have revealed that the migration of steppes tribes from Central Asia started in second century BCE. Excavation in Tajikistan and Swat (Pakistan) reveal the presence of Aryan culture in Central Asia at that time. Some groups of these people like Asiagh jats and many other jats had lineage directly with the Rig Vedic Aryans.
The Scythian tribes in second century BCE crossed Pamir and moved to north India. They carried with them some elements of the Central Asian culture. The sword, “Asii” in Sanskrit, is one of them that came to Taxila.
From the above description it becomes clear that the Asiagh people were the first wave of Scythians from Central Asia.
Lake Urmia (Persian: دریاچه ارومیه) is a salt lake in northwestern Iran between the provinces of East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan, west of the southern portion of the similarly shaped Caspian Sea. Lake Urmia has 102 islands. Asiaghs had number of island in their name. Their names are as follows: Aram, Arash, Ardeshir, Arezu, Ashk (Asiagh), Ashksar (Asiagh), Ashku (Asiagh), Atash, Azar (Ajra), Azin, Bahram, Bard (Bardak), Bardak (Bardak), Bardin (Bardak), Bastvar (Bast), Bon (Beniwal), Bon-Ashk (Beniwal/Asiagh), Borz (Burzia), Borzin, Borzu (Burzia), Chak-Tappeh, Cheshmeh-kenar (Sheshma), Day (Dahiya), Espir, Espirak, Espiro, Garivak (Garwa), Giv, Golgun (Golyan , Gordeh (Godhe), Gorz, Iran-Nezhad, Jodarreh (Jodia), Jovin (Joon), Jowzar (Jhojhar ), Kabudan (Kudan), Kafchehnok. Kakayi-e Bala, Kakayi-e Pain, Kakayi-ye Miyaneh, Kalsang (Kalasman ), Kam, Kaman, Kameh, Kariveh (Karvir), Karkas (Karkala), Kaveh, Kenarak, Khersak, Kuchek-Tappeh, Magh, Mahdis, Mahvar, Markid, Mehr (Mehria), Mehran (Mehria),, Mehrdad (Mehria), Meshkin, Meydan (Manda), Miyaneh (Mann), Nadid, Nahan (Nain), Nahid (Nahar), Nahoft, Nakhoda, Navi, Naviyan (Nain), Omid, Panah (Pannu), Penhan, Pishva, Sahran (Saharan), Samani, Sangan (Sangwan), Sangu (Sangwan), Sarijeh, Sepid (Sepat), Shabdiz, Shahi (Eslami), Shahin, Shamshiran, Shurtappeh, Shush-Tappeh, Siyah (Shivi), Siyah-sang, Siyavash (Siwach), Sorkh, Sorush, Tak (Taank), Takht, Takhtan Takhar), Tanjak (Tandi), Tanjeh (Tandi), Tappeh Tashbal, Tir, Tus, Zagh (Jangoo), Zarkaman, Zarkanak, Zartappeh (Jat), Zirabeh.
In Mahabharata
They were known as Asika/Asmaka/Assaka/Ashmaka in Mahabharat.
The Mahabharata Tribe - Asmaka (अश्मक) is associate with the Iksvaku line of Kshatriyas in Puranas and Buddhist scriptures refer to their land as a Mahajanapada. Identified with Paithan in Aurangabad district, this janapada may have comprised modern Nasik and Aurangabad. Fought with the Pandavas.[6]
Bhisma Parva Mahabharata, Book 6:Chapter 10, writes as Ashmaka about province of Asmaka along with Munda, Sunda, Vidarbha, Asika, Pansurashtra and Goparashtra in shloka 42 as under:
- गॊविन्दा मन्दकाः षण्डा विदर्भानूपवासिकाः
- अश्मकाः पांसुराष्ट्राश च गॊप राष्ट्राः पनीतकाः (VI.10.42)
Drona Parva Mahabharata mentions Asmakas with Kekayas.
- धृष्टथ्युम्नश च थुर्धर्षः शिखण्डी चापराजितः
- अश्मकाः केकयाश चैव कषत्रधर्मा च सौमकिः (VII. 61.39)
Assaka, or Ashmaka, was one of the solasa (sixteen) Mahajanapadas of ancient India (700–300 BCE) mentioned in the Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya. The mahajanapada was located on the banks of the Godavari River. Its capital was Potali, Potana or Podana, which now lies in the Nandura Tehsil. It was the only Mahajanapada situated to the south of the Vindhya Range , and was in Dakshinapatha. The Buddhist text Mahagovinda Suttanta mentions about a ruler of Assaka, Brahmadatta who ruled from Potana.[7]
Later the people spread southward to the territory of the Rashtrakuta empire, which is now in modern Maharashtra.
Asikanagar: The city of Asiagh
The Hathigumpha inscription of King Kharavela at Bhubaneshwar in Orissa mentions about Asikanagar, a city of Asiaghs, in line 4 as under:
Line 4 - कारयति पनतिसाहि सतसहसेहि पकतियो च रंजयति [।।] दुतिये च वसे अचितयिता सातकनिं पछिमदिसं हय गज नर रध बहुलं दंडं पठापयति [।।] कन्हवेंणां गताय च सेनाय वितासिति असिक नगरं [।।] ततिये पुन वसे
Means - In the second year, without caring for Sātakarnī [His Majesty] sent to the west a large army consisting of horse, elephant, infantry and chariot, and struck terror to Asikanagara with that troop that marched up to the river Kanhavemnā.
An article by K L Faujdar[8] about Raja Kharavela in Orissa mentions about the rule of Kaswan in 2nd century of Vikram samvat. It has been mentioned in ‘Hathi Gumpha and three other inscriptions’ (page 24) in Sanskrit as under:
- Sanskrit - कुसवानाम् क्षत्रियानां च सहाय्यतावतां प्राप्त मसिक नगरम्
- IAST - “Kusawānāṃ kshatriyānāṃ ca Sahāyyatāvatāṃ prāpt masika nagaraṃ”.
This translates that the city of 'Masiknagara' was obtained with the help of 'Kuswan' Kshatriyas. [8]
According to Sadananda Agrawal interpretation of the city as Masikanagara is not well-supported. Kanhavemṇā is commonly equated with the river Krishna coastal flowing in Andhra Pradesh. However, Krishna lies much to the south of Kalinga, and not west as averred in the epigraph (Devanagari: पछिमदिसं). But there is another stream flowing to the west of Kalinga in Vidarbha and known locally at present as Kanhan which flows about 17 km northwest of Nagpur and joins the river Vena (Wainganga), and it is the combined flow of these two streams that is spoken as Kanhavemṇā in our records.[9] The recent find of a sealing belonging to the Asikajanapada in course of intensive archaeological excavations at Adam (Nagpur district) has solved also the problem of locating Asikanagara whose king or and people became frightful at the arrival of Kharavela's army at Kanhavemṇā. In view of the evidence of a highly prosperous city unearthed at Adam, Prof AM Shastri is of the opinion that Adam itself represents the Asikanagara of Hathigumpha inscription. It is worth noting in the present context that a terracotta sealing having a legend, has been discovered from Adam, situated on the right bank of the river Wainganga, which reads Asakajanapadasa (Devanagari: असकजनपदस).[9]
The township of Asikanagara to the west of Nagpur indicates the township of Asiagh or Siyak jats. This is also supported by Thakur Deshraj that Asiagh Jats moved from Asirgarh in Malwa to Rajasthan. This must have been migration to Rajasthan of these people when their rule came to an end. After this period their rule is recorded in Jangladesh by the Historians James Tod and Thakur Deshraj.
From the above description we can interpret that Kaswan Jat was a chieftain who helped Kharavela in his war expedition. Kaswan Jats must also have moved along with Kharavela to Kalinga.
Distribution in Haryana
Villages in Hisar district
In Haryana main Sihag villages are Siwani Bolan, Sisai ( सिसाय)/Sisai Bola, Chautala.
Villages in Fethabad district
Phullan,Jandwala.
Villages in Jhajjar district
Haibatpur (Jind) Chhudani (village of cricketer Virender Sehwag) Chautala Matanhail (मातनहैल) Bishan (बिसहान)
Villages in Sirsa district
Asa khera, Chautala, Dhukara, Jhittikhera, Karamshana, Khari Sureran, Mameran Kalan, Mithi Sureran, Neemla, Ratta Kheda, Suchan, Teja Khera, Ali- Mohammad (9 families)
Distribution in Rajasthan
Locations in Jaipur city
Himmat Nagar, Jhotwara, Khatipura, Mansarowar Colony
Syak jats live in villages: Mordi (17), Parwan (1), Pawsu (9), Dudu, Rahlana
Syag jats live in villages: Bhooratiya (4), Gokulpura Pakhan (18), Mohanpura (1),
Villages in Sikar district
Bidsar, Dhandhan, Ghana, Kerpura, Lalsar, Mandeta, Sikar,
Villages in Jhunjhunu district
Sonasar, Bhurasar Indali Gaon, Mainana, Nand ka Bas, Niradhanu
Villages in Nagaur district
Gotan, Shyamsar
Villages in Jodhpur district
Budkiya, Bahara Khurd, Jhanwar, Jodhpur, Salwa Kalla, Jati Bhandu
Villages in Barmer district
Balotra, Barmer, Baytu, Chohtan, Dholanada, Kharapar, Nimbanion Ki Dhani, Ramsar, Sawau, Shyamsar, Sihagon Ki Dhani (Kawas), Taratara Math, Utarlai (Kawas), chaadi, saranu, chawa, [siyagoo ki Dhani-madupura baewala] Siyagaon Ki Dhani (Baytu tahsil), Siyagon Ki Dhani (Baytu tahsil), Siyago Ki Beri (t.Gudha Malani), Siyagon Ki Dhani (t.Gudha Malani), Siyagon Ki Dhani Chak No1 (t.Gudha Malani)
Villages in Churu district
Villages in Jaisalmer district
Villages in Pali district
Dhundhla (Sojat), Sihagon ki Dhani
Villages in Jalor district
Mirpur Kheda
Villages in Chittorgarh
Villages in Ganganagar
Ghamudwali, Morjandkhari, Sihaganwali, Goluwala Sihagan
Villages in Hanumangarh
Ayalki, Baramsar, Bashir, Bojhla, Chahuwali, Dhaban, Dingarh, Dholipal, Fatuhi, Khothawali, Kishanpura Utaradha, Nagrana, Nukera, Ratanpura, Ratnisar Mahajan, Saharni, Saliwala, Sangaria, Shergarh
Villages in Bikaner district
Surnana
Villages in Tonk district
Sihag Jats live in villages: Rahimpura (1)
Syag Jats live in villages: Kalyanpura Bawdi (5)
Syak (स्याक) Jats live in villages: Kalyanpura Bawdi (3), Pratappura Diggi (2), Maharajpura (2)
Distribution in Punjab
Villages in Punjab with Siag population are: Dhingawali, Keharianwali, Khanpur, Jhumianwali, Taja-patti, Bandiwala
Villages in Punjab
Dhinganwali - The village Dhinganwali was founded in 1921 (Vikrami Samvat) by three Siags -Chetan Ram ji, Tiku Ram Ji and Hiro ji who had migrated here from Moteir village in Rajasthan.
Six sons of Ch. Ram Rakh Siag -Sahib Ram, Krishan, Rajender, Rai Singh, Arjun Singh and Bhim Sain are living in this village. The eldest of them, is the Sarpanch of the village. Arjun singh was MLA of Abohar during (Punjab) in 1986.
Distribution in Madhya Pradesh
Found in Mandsaur district, where they are called Sihak.
Villages in Dewas district
Bichkuwa, Dhasad, Saktiya, Borkhedi, Khal
Villages in Mandsaur district
Betikheri, Handari, Kacharia Jat, Laduna (Sitamau), Pipalkhuta
Villages in Nimach district
Sihag are found in Nimach city in Nimach district.
Villages in Ratlam district
Madhopura Ratlam is a notable village of this gotra. Villages in Ratlam district with population of this gotra are:
Badauda 2, Berchha 2, Chikliya 1, Damottar 3, Dantodiya 2, Delanpur 1, Dhamottar 3, Dhaturiya 7, Dhaunswas 1, Kanser 1, Madhopura Ratlam 39, Mundari 3, Narayangarh sailana 17, Negarda 3, Ramgarh sailana 2, Ratlam 1, Rojana 3, Sailana 5, Sinod 1, Sujlana 1, Surana 2
Distribution in Uttar Pradesh
Found in Ghaziabad district, where they are called Siwal.
Villages in Ghaziabad district
Shyampur, Dadayara
Found in Meerut district where they are called Bolan.
Villages in Meerut district
Mehrauli, Partapur
Famous persons of this gotra
- Virender Sehwag - Famous Cricketer from Najafgarh , Haryana
- Chaudhary Dhonkal Ram Siag (Zaildar)
- Ch. Sukh Ram ji Sihag, Rais of Chautala
- Chaudhary Devi Lal
- Om Prakash Chautala
- A. R. Sihag - IAS
- Arjun Siag -Ex-MLA of Abohar
- Panna Ram Siyag - IFS Rajasthan, 1986
- Mool Chand Siyag - Social Worker
- Pradeep Sihag - The most successful Boxer from India.
- Kirodi Mal Sihag - Martyr from village Pipal ka Bas in Jhunjhunu district in Rajasthan.
Gallery of Sihag people
 250p|Virender Sehwag]] |
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Om Prakash Chautala.jpg
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External links
References
- ^ Jat population 1988. Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration.1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8
- ^ Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudee, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998, p.284
- ^ Dilip Singh Ahlawat: Jat viron ka Itihasa
- ^ चौधरी हरिश्चंद्र नैन, बीकानेर में जनजाति, प्रथम खंड, पेज 18
- ^ Dr Pema Ram, The Jats Vol. 3, ed. Dr Vir Singh,Originals, Delhi, 2007 p. 205-206
- ^ Mahabharata (VII. 61.39)
- ^ Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972) Political History of Ancient India, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, p.80
- ^ a b Kishori Lal Faujdar:Jat Samaj Monthly Magazine, Agra, January/February (2001) page-6
- ^ a b Sadananda Agrawal: Śrī Khāravela, Published by Sri Digambar Jain Samaj, Cuttack, 2000
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