Aspergillus flavus
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Aspergillus flavus
| Aspergillus flavus | |
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| Aspergillus flavus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Eurotiales |
| Family: | Trichocomaceae |
| Genus: | Aspergillus |
| Species: | A. flavus |
| Binomial name | |
| Aspergillus flavus Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1809 |
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Aspergillus flavus is a fungus. It is a common mold in the environment, and can cause storage problems in stored grains. It can also be a human pathogen, associated with aspergillosis of the lungs and sometimes causing corneal, otomycotic, and nasoorbital infections. Many strains produce significant quantities of aflatoxin,[1] a carcinogenic and acutely toxic compound. A. flavus spores are allergenic. A. flavus sometimes causes losses in silkworm hatcheries.
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Disease in humans
A. flavus is the second most common agent of aspergillosis, the first being Aspergillus fumigatus. A. flavus may invade arteries of the lung or brain and cause infarction. Neutropenia predisposes to aspergillus infection. Aspergillus flavus also produces a toxin, aflatoxin, which is one of the aetiological agents for hepatocellular carcinoma.[2]
Appearance in culture
A. flavus grows as a yellow-green mold in culture. Like other Aspergillus species, it produces a distinctive conidiophore composed of a long stalk supporting an inflated vesicle. Conidiogenous cells on the vesicle produce the conidia. Many strains of A. flavus exhibit a greenish fluorescence under UV light that is correlated with levels of aflatoxin production.
Mold damage
A. flavus is particularly common on corn and peanuts and is one of several species of mold known to produce aflatoxin, which can cause acute hepatitis, immunosuppression, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite rarely occurring in indoor environments [3], it has been isolated in water damaged carpets and other water-damaged building materials[4]. The absence of any regulation of screening for the fungus in countries that also have a high prevalence of viral hepatitis highly increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
To protect tree nuts and corn plants that are affected by A. flavus scientists of the Agricultural Research Service found that treating these plants with the yeast Pichia anomala reduced the growth of A. flavus. The study showed that treating pistachio trees with P. anomala inhibited the growth of A. flavus up to 97% when compared to untreated trees. [1] The yeast successfully competes with A. flavus for space and nutrients, ultimately limiting the growth of A. flavus. [5]
Metabolism
The enzyme quercitrinase can be found in A. flavus.[6] It is an enzyme in the rutin catabolic pathway.[7]
References
- ^ Klich MA. (2007). Aspergillus flavus: the major producer of aflatoxin. Molecular Plant Pathology 8(6): 713-22.
- ^ Crawford JM, Liver and Biliary Tract. Pathologic Basis of Disease, ed. Kumar V, et al. 2005, Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 924
- ^ Bruce B. Jarvis and J. David Miller. Mycotoxins as harmful indoor air contaminants. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Volume 66, Number 4, 367-372, DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1753-9
- ^ Engelhart, S., A. Loock, D. Skutlarek, H. Sagunski, A. Lommel, H. Farber, and M. Exner. 2002. Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus versicolor isolates and sterigmatocystin in carpet dust from damp indoor environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3886-3890.
- ^ "Helpful Yeast Battles Food-Contaminating Aflatoxin". USDA Agricultural Research Service. January 27, 2010. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100127.htm.
- ^ quercitrinase on www.brenda-enzymes.org
- ^ The rutin catabolic pathway with special emphasis on quercetinase. Sylvain Tranchimand, Pierre Brouant and Gilles Iacazio, Biodegradation, Volume 21, Number 6, pages 833-859, doi:10.1007/s10532-010-9359-7
External links
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