The science of space beyond Earth's surface and lower atmosphere. In addition to observational astronomy, it includes such branches as
astrometry, the measurement of the positions and movements of celestial bodies;
astrophysics, the physics of stars, galaxies, and other objects in the universe;
celestial mechanics, which specializes in orbit calculation, including the influence of gravity, mass, acceleration, and inertia; and
cosmology, which investigates the origins and evolution of the universe.