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Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-led faction)

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This article should not be confused with the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, the Ba'ath Party's regional cell established in 1951.
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي
Leader Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri
Founded February 1966 (February 1966)
Split from Ba'ath Party (unitary)
Headquarters de jure Baghdad, Iraq,
in exile
Ideology Ba'athism
Official colors Black, Red, White and Green (Pan-Arab colors)
Party flag
Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg
Politics of Iraq
Political parties
Elections

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (also spelled Ba'th or Baath which means "resurrection" or "renaissance"; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي‎ Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki) is a pan-Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political party which was headquartered in Baghdad. The party is one of the two parties (with identical names) that emerged out the 1966 split in the original Ba'ath Party.

The Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party was a cell of the Ba'ath Party until 1966 when the organisation split in half; the one half led by the Damascus cell of the Ba'ath Party which established a party in Syria, the other half led by Iraqi-cell. Both Ba'ath parties retained the same name and maintained parallel structures in the Arab World, but became so antagonistic that the Syrian Ba'ath regime became the only Arab government to support non-Arab Iran against Iraq during the bloody Iran-Iraq War. Ba'athists seized power in Iraq for the first time in 1963, but were deposed some months later. The party's regional organisation governed Ba'athist Iraq between 1968 and 2003, for many years under the leadership of Saddam Hussein. The party was banned in Iraq following the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003.

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Structure

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Leaders

Organisation

Following the 1966 Syrian coup d'état which overthrew the Aflaqites faction power in Syria led by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and Munif al-Razzaz amongst others, the original Ba'ath Party split in two; one Iraqi-led ba'ath movement and one Syrian-led ba'ath movement. The two movements established their own separate National Command – the National Command was, in theory, the highest party bodies in both movements and controlled their respective ba'athist movements. However, in both countries, the National Command was under the control of their respective Regional Commands. In the Iraqi-led Ba'ath movement, all National Command members came from their distinct regional (literally meaning country in ba'athist etymology) cell, for instance, there was always a member who represented the Ba'ath Party's cell in Jordan.[1] In theory, the National Command was the highest party organ between national congresses.[2] In theory, the National Command has the powers to direct, and control the affairs of Regional Commands in other regions (countries).[3]

Delegates to a National Congress elected the members of the National Command. Membership in the National Command was renewable for election. While the National Command had very little de facto powers, many of its leading members also held seats in the Iraqi Regional Command and the Revolutionary Command Council.[4] Aflaq was elected Secretary General of the National Command at the Ninth National Congress held in February 1968 in Beirut, Lebanon by the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party.[5] He retained his post until 1989, when he died, and was succeeded by Saddam Hussein.[6] After Saddam Hussein was executed on 30th December 2006, Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri became de-facto leader of the Baath Party on 3 January 2007. Being the Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, he is the highest ranking member within the party hierarchy still alive.

Branches by region

Algeria

The cell in Algeria, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي في الجزائر Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki fi Aljeza'ir; French: Parti Baath arabe socialiste d'Algérie), is led by Ahmed Choutri, the Secretary of the Regional Command. The party is banned, and Choutri himself was forced to flee to Iraq during the 1990s because of governmental repression against the Algerian Ba'ath movement. The party is sympathises with the Iraqi ba'athist insurgency, and supports Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri, the leader of the Iraqi cell. Following his return to Algeria in 2003, Choutri wrote the book The Baathist Faith of President Saddam.[7]

Bahrain

Bahraini branch
Alqawmi bahrain symbol.PNG
RC Secretary Dr. Hassan Ali
Homepage al-qawmi.org

The Nationalist Democratic Assembly (Arabic: التجمع القومي الديمقراطي, Al-Tajamu'u Al-Qawmi Al-Dimuqratiyah‎) represents the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party in Bahrain.[8] The group is led by Dr. Hassan, as Secretary General, and Mahmoud Kassab, Deputy Secretary General.[9] It was established by Bahraini's who had studied in Ba'athist Iraq in the 1960s and 1970. The party boycotted the 2002 parliamentary election, but not the 2006 election.[10] The 2011 parliamentary by-election was boycotted by the party, in solidarity with the 2011–2012 Bahraini uprising.[11] The party is currently headquartered in Zinj[12]

The party opposes the government's Naturalisation policies, and claims it is unfair that ethnic Bahrainis compete equal with foreign workers for jobs.[8] The Nationalist Democratic Assembly remains staunchly pro-Saddam Hussein.[12] According to their official homepage, the party supports the Arab Spring.[13] Not surprisingly, the party opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and considered it an act of brutality against the Iraqi people.[14] The party does to support the overthrow of the existing monarchy, but supports a peaceful transition to democracy.[15]

Iraq

Main article: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region

In Iraq, the Ba'ath party remained a civilian group and lacked strong support within the military. The party had little impact, and the movement split into several factions after 1958 and again in 1966. The movement was reported to have lacked strong popular support,[16] but through the construction of a strong party apparatus the party succeeded in gaining power. The Iraqi-based party was originally committed to Pan-Arabism like its Syrian counterpart but after taking power in 1968 the party adopted Iraqi nationalism and encouraged Iraqis to identify themselves as the cultural and civilizational heirs to Mesopotamian and Medieval Islamic identity.[17] Saddam Hussein sought to be seen as the leader of a great neo-Mesopotamian Iraqi nation by having himself compared to Nebuchadnezzar II and Hammurabi.[17]

In June 2003, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) banned the Ba'ath party. Some criticize the additional step the CPA took—of banning all members of the top four tiers of the Ba'ath Party from the new government, as well as from public schools and colleges—as blocking too many experienced people from participation in the new government. Thousands were removed from their positions, including doctors, professors, school teachers, bureaucrats and more. Many teachers lost their jobs, causing protests and demonstrations at schools and universities. Under the previous rule of the Ba'ath party, one could not reach high positions in the government or in the schools without becoming a party member. In fact, party membership was a prerequisite for university admission. In other words, while many Ba'athists joined for ideological reasons, many more were members because it was a way to better their options. After much pressure by the US, the policy of de-Ba'athification was addressed by the Iraqi government in January, 2008 in the highly controversial "Accountability and Justice Act" which was supposed to ease the policy, but which many feared would actually lead to further dismissals.[18]

The Ba'ath Party is currently led by Saddam's former deputy Izzat Ibrahim Al-Douri.

Jordan

Jordanian branch
Founded 1951
RC Secretary Akram al-Homsi
Headquarters Amman, Jordan

At the time of the 1966 split, the Jordanian cell had an estimated 1,000 members.[19] The Jordanian-cell was active within the Arab Liberation Front (ALF), for instance, the ALF's first leader was the Jordanian Zaid Haydar.[20] Munif al-Razzaz, who joined the Iraqi-led Ba'ath resistance in 1966, eventually became ALF leader. From then on, he climbed up the party ladder and reached his zenith by becoming a member of the National Command. However, he was eventually put under house arrest by the Iraqi authorities. Shahir Abu Shahut became the first leader of the Iraqi-cell in Jordan following the 1966 split.[21]

The Ba'ath cell was denied legal registration in 1992.[22] The party was again legally registered in 1993, but was forced to change its name from Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي الاردني Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki Al-Urduniy).[23] From then on it has been led by Akram al-Homsi.[24] Khalil Haddadeen, Jordan's former Minister of Information, was elected to Parliament during the 1993 and 1997 elections on a pro-Iraqi and pro-Saddam Hussein stance.[25] In a poll taken in 1995, 16.8 percent of Jordanians said they were aware that the Iraqi Ba'ath cell existed, making the ba'ath cell the third most well-known political party in Jordan. It beat the Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party, the Syrian Ba'athist cell in Jordan, by a margin over 10 percent in the poll.[26]

Lebanon

Lebanese branch
Founded 1966
RC Secretary Abd al-Majid al-Rafi

The Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party (Arabic: حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي, Hizb Al-Taliyeh Lubnan Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki‎) is the party cell in Lebanon. The cell held its second congress in October 2011.[27] As of 2003, the cell is led by Abd al-Majid Rafi.[28] The party-cell was founded by al-Rafi, Jihad George Karam, Rafiq Nasib Alfaqiya, Karam Mohamed Assahli, Hani Mohamed Shoiab, Ammar Mohamed Shabli, Hassan Khalil Gharib and Asaf Habin Alharakat.[29]

At the beginning, the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath cell and the pro-Syrian Ba'ath cell worked side by side within the National Front, but with the tension increasing between the Syrian and Iraqi ba'athist regimes, the two cell's were put on permanent war footing.[30] The party cell was active in the 1960s in demonstrations and such,[31] for instance, al-Rafi was detained by the Lebanese authorities because of his political activities.[32] Al-Rafi was a candidate from Tripoli in the 1968 general election.[33] The party expanded during the first half of the 1970s,[34] and in the 1972 general election al-Rafi was elected to parliament from Tripoli[35] and Ali al-Khalil, a former member, was elected from Tyre. The party was active in Southern Lebanon, and was built on generous aid from Iraq.[36] During the Lebanese civil war, the Lebanese parliament formed the National Dialogue Committee in 1975; Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian Ba'ath Party became a member, but no figures from the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath Party were given seats in the committee.[37] Throughout its existence, it has controlled the Palestinian Arab Liberation Front.[38] Tahsein al-Atrash, the leader of the ba'ath cell at the time, was shot dead in November 1981.[39] The cell was a member of the Lebanese National Movement, a political organisation led by Walid Jumblatt of the Progressive Socialist Party.[40]

Libya

Following the coup d'etat of 1969 against King Idris, a new revolutionary government was established led by Muammar Gaddafi. The government was recognised as a nasserist one because the new regime proclaimed its goal to be "liberty, socialism and unity" rather than "unity, liberty, socialism", the Ba'ath Party's slogan. This change in order was important because of the ideological split which had occurred between the ba'athists and the nasserists.[41] Following Gaddafi's revolution, several People's Committees were established. These committees which, at the beginning, were truly led by the people, led to the arrest of several ba'athists.[42]

Amr Taher Deghayes, the founder of the Libyan ba'ath cell, was later arrested by Gaddafi's security forces, and died after spending three days in jail.[43] It is alleged that Deghayes death led to large anti-government demonstration, however, these demonstrations were crushed and because of it. Several leading ba'athists were jailed following the failed demonstration.[44] In 1982, a trial against 25 Libyan ba'athist started. They were charged with membership of an illegal organisation. They were set free after being tortured, however, this proved not to be the end. The following year, in 1983, the 25 individuals were again charged for membership in an illegal party, and three of them were sentence to death. Some others were sentence to life in prison.[45] The arrests and trials of the 1980s led to the dissolution of the Libyan regional ba'athist organisation.[46]

The Libyan National Movement (LNM), an Arab nationalist organisation, was founded by Baathist lawyer 'Umran Burweiss.[47] The LNM (which is still in existance) was originally financed by the Iraqi Ba'athists.[48] which enable it to produce relatively high-quality propaganda materials. For example, it issued audio cassettes which were smuggled into Libya alongside Sawt at-Talia during the 1980s. The organisation also ran radio broadcasts over Radio Baghdad.[49]

Mauritania

Mauritanian branch
Founded 1991
RC Secretary Mohamed Ould Abdellahi
Ould Eyye

The Mauritarian branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party was founded in 1991, during the Gulf crisis, as the National Vanguard Party (Arabic: حزب الطليعة الوطني, Hizb Al-Taliyeh Al-Watani‎, French: Parti Avant-Garde nationale, abbreviated PAGN).[50] The Mauritanian Ba'ath Party remains the largest arab nationalist political force in the country. The branch has maintained good relations with the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party even after Saddam Hussein's downfall following the United States invasion of Iraq.[51] The party was able to field candidates for seats in parliament during the 1992 parliamentary elections, and was the only party, with the exception of the Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal, to field candidates for the Senate elections. However, the party secured only 1 percent of the vote nationwide, and did not secure a seat in neither parliament nor senate. Kabry Ould Taleb Jiddou, the party's leader, was rewarded the office of Secretary of State by the newly-elected government because of his electoral campaign.[52]

The branch supports full arabisation of the country, a view considering by many as racist. Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, the President of Mauritania, introduced a anti-ba'athist policy when in power. This policy was continued under his successor Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya. However, it should be noted that the Mauritanian government supported Iraq during the Gulf War. Iraq–Mauritania relations were so close that rumours circulated internationally that Saddam's family had taken refugee in the country following the American invasion. This proved to be false. The repression against the ba'athist has not been reduced, and in 2003, several ba'athists were jailed on suspicion on trying to overthrow the government.[51] A reason for the close relations between the two countries, was the strength of the Mauritanian ba'athist party.[53] The party was banned in 1999, following the restoration of bilateral relations with Israel.[54] The National Vanguard Party was accused of developing plans in collaborations with the Iraqi government foment unrest within the country.[55]

Mohamed Ould Abdellahi Ould Eyye, the party's leader, was arrested in 2003 following a large anti-government protest which demanded the government to break its relations with Israel and the United States, and help Saddam. Rafi, along with 13 other ba'athists, was arrested by government forces, and the party's headquarter were raided in May.[56]

Palestine

Main article: Arab Liberation Front
Palestinian branch
Founded 1969
Secretary General Rakad Salem

There did exist an unorganised pro-Iraqi ba'ath guerilla movement before the establishment of the Arab Liberation Front (ALF).[21] The ALF was established in 1969 at a National Congress of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party to weakened the hold al-Sa'iqa, the pro-Syrian Ba'ath organisation in Palestine, had over the ba'athist movement. In contrast to al-Sa'iqa, the ALF never had access to a large recruitment pool – there were few Palestinians in Iraq, and the Palestinians living in Iraq were general well-educated. Because of this, ALF could, and would never, have the same degree of influence over the Palestinian movement as al-Sa'iqa did. This led the ALF to be controlled by the Iraqi-led Ba'ath movement – this weakened its effectiveness and influence, but saved the ALF from factional infighting between Palestinianism and Ba'athism which is a problem within al-Sa'iqa. However, the ALF's influence was weakened during some stages in its history by infighting within the Iraqi-led Ba'ath movement. Because of the control the Iraqi-led ba'ath movement had over the ALF, the ALF always held a pro-Iraqi line within Palestinian Liberation Front (PLO). The ALF was a founding member of the Rejectionist Front in 1974 as a rejection to the PLO's Ten Point Program. Abdel-Wahhab Kayyali, a member of the PLO Executive Committee, froze his seat in the committee in protest instead of resigning from it following the established of the Rejectionist Front.[57]

While Palestinians in general believe in pan-Arabism, Arab nationalism and socialism which the ALF stands for, Palestinians in such ideals have generally opted for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.[58] The United States-led invasion of Iraq toppled the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party headquartered in Baghdad. This weakened the movement, and considering the fact that the Iraqi military coordinated much of the ALF's activities, the ALF has been weakened considerably.[59]

Its first leader was Zaid Haydar, from the Jordanian Ba'ath cell. Other leaders include Munif al-Razzaz, Abd al-Rahim Ahmad and Mahmud Isma'il for instance. Most recently, the ALF was led by Rakad Salem. Under Salem the ALF was headquartered in Ramallah, West Bank. Israeli Defence Forces arrested Salem in October 2002.[20] Shahir Abu Shahut, a former leader of the Jordanian Ba'ath cell, led the Ba'ath cell in Palestine from 1970 to 1975 from Baghdad.[21]

Sudan

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Country of Sudan (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي - وطن في السودان Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki - Watan fi Al-Sudan) is the regional branch of the Ba'ath in Sudan. As of 1989, its leader is Kamal Bolad.[60] In 2002 a group led by Mohamad Ali Jadein broke away from the branch and established the independent Sudanese Ba'ath Party, which has no affiliation with either the Iraqi-led Ba'ath movement or the Syrian-led Ba'ath movement.[61] After having collaborated with the Arab nationalist Sudanese government for years, the Ba'ath Party broke of relations and became an opposition party in 1990. This would have distraught Iraq if Sudan hadn't supported them during the 1991 Gulf crisis.[62]

Tunisia

Tunisian branch
Founded 1988
RC Secretary Omar Othman Belhadj

The first Ba'ath cell, then under the unified Ba'ath Party, was established in 1955. The Ba'ath Party was illegalised under Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Following the Tunisian Revolution,[63] the Tunisian Ba'ath Movement (Arabic: حركة البعث التونسي Haraket Al-Ba'ath Al-Tounisi; French: Mouvement Baath tunisien) was legally registered on 22 January 2011, but has been active in underground politics since the 1950s.[64] The Ba'ath Movement celebrated the 5th anniversary of the death of Saddam Hussein. Omar Othman Belhadj, the Secretary General of the Executive Committee of the Ba'ath Movement, said “Hussein’s execution was symbolic, they did not kill a person but rather the ideas he represented and fought for. Hussein was killed for being against colonization and for being a defender of Arab unity and independence of Arab countries.” He further noted that he did support killing Muammar Gaddafi, and claimed that Gaddafi had a right to a fair trial as much as anybody else.[64]

Omar told a journalist once that "the Syrian regime has turned against the Ba'ath and is no longer Ba'athist one".[63] Even so the party does not support Syria's expulsion from the Arab League, and claimed that foreign nations should play a neutral role in the conflict.[65] On 4 February 2012, the Executive Committee of the Ba'ath Movement released a communique that condemned the Provisional Tunisian Government's expulsion of the Syrian ambassador. The Ba'ath Movement expressed solidarity with the Syrian protesters, and condemned the shooting of unarmed protesters. It claimed the expulsion of the Syrian ambassador would lead to the militarisation of the conflict – such a move would mobilise Arab opinion against the regime, and could lead to military intervention according to the Ba'ath Movement Executive Committee.[66] There are speculations that the Ba'ath Movement will seek to establish a national front with other Nasserite and Ba'athist parties such as with the People's Movement, the Progressive Unionist People's Movement and the Arab Democratic Vanguard Party.[67]

Yemen

Yemeni branch
Qawmi yemeni baath logo.jpg
RC Secretary Dr. Qassam Salam Said
Headquarters Street 8A, off Zubairy Street, Sana'a[68]
Newspaper al-Ehyaa al-Arabi
Homepage al-ehyaa.net

The National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي القومي - قطر اليمن‎ Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki Al-Qawmi – Qutr Al-Yaman)[69] is led by Dr. Qassem Salam Said in his post as Secretary of the Regional Command,[70] while Abdulwahid Hawash serves as the Deputy Secretary of the Regional Command.[71] The party publishes the newspaper Al-Ehyaa Al-'Arabi (Arabic: لإحياء العربي‎, English: Arabic Renaissance).[68]

The party carried out clandestine political activity until 1990. It obtained official registration as the 'National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party' on 10 February 1997. The party had initially sought to register itself as the 'Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party' in 1995, but that name was accorded by the authorities to another Ba'athist group.[70] Politically, the party is aligned with the ruling General People's Congress. During the 2011 Arab Spring, this posture caused an internal split in the party.[72] In March 2011, there were reports that the Hodeidah branch of the party had sided with the uprising, following violent attacks on protestors in that city.[73]

The party contested the 1993 parliamentary election in alliance with the other Ba'athist group, winning seven seats. After the election the relations between the two Ba'athist groups soured, though, and they went on to contest further elections separately. The party contested the 1997 parliamentary election, but failed to win any seats. The party called for a boycott of the 1999 presidential election. In the 2003 parliamentary elections, the party obtained 23,745 votes (0.4% of the national vote) and again failed to re-enter parliament.[70] The party won two district council seats in the 2006 local council elections.[74] During February 2000 Said, the branch's leader, was sued by the Ministry of Information because of an article critical of Saudi Arabia.[75]

Others

There are several other ba'athist branches as well, such as the Iraqi Ba'ath cell in Syria.

References

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