Babar the Elephant

Babar the Elephant

Cover of the first Babar story, Histoire de Babar (Story of Babar), published 1931
Author	Jean de Brunhoff
Country	France
Language	French
Genre	Children's literature
Media type	Print (hardcover and paperback) Audiobook

Cover of the second Babar story, Le Voyage de Babar (Babar's Voyage), published in 1932.

Babar the Elephant is a French children's fictional character who first appeared in Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff in 1931 and enjoyed immediate success.^[1][2] An English language version, entitled The Story of Babar, appeared in 1933 in Britain and also in the United States. The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff's wife, Cecile, had invented for their children.^[3] It tells of a young elephant called Babar who, upon the death of his mother by a hunter, is chased by the hunter. He escapes, and in the process leaves the jungle, visits a big city, and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants. Just as he returns to his community of elephants, their king dies from eating a bad mushroom. Because of his travels and civilization, he is immediately appointed king of the elephant kingdom. He marries his cousin, and they then have children and teach them valuable lessons.^[4][5]

Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories before his death in 1937. His son Laurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946 onwards with Babar et Le Coquin d'Arthur.^[6]

An animated TV series was produced in Canada by Nelvana Limited and Clifford Ross Company, and originally ran from January 3, 1989 to June 5, 1991 with 65 episodes, plus an additional 13 episodes in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films, and the Babar stories have inspired musical works by Francis Poulenc and Raphael Mostel.

Story synopsis

After Babar's mother is shot by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics^[7] He is befriended by an old lady, who buys him clothes and enrolls him in school. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to the Elephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom, a council of elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has "lived among men and learned much", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar is crowned King of the Elephants, marries his cousin Celeste, and founds the city of Celesteville. Babar, who likes to wear a bright green suit, introduces a very French form of Western civilization to the elephants, and they soon dress in Western attire.

Among Babar's other associates are the monkey Zephir, the old elephant counsellors Cornelius and Pompadour (Pompadour was created for the Babar TV series), his cousin Arthur, and his children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. Later, a second daughter, Isabelle, was introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honoured guest. Despite the presence of these counsellors, Babar's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body, and completely autocratic; however his leadership style seems to be one that works for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects; a form of benevolent dictator.

Besides his Westernizing policies, Babar engages in warfare with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, who are led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, in Babar and the Adventures of Badou, Babar has a grandson named the Prince Babar II (Known as Badou).

Pronunciation

According to Laurent de Brunhoff, Babar's name is pronounced /ˈbʌbɑr/,^[8] although it has been popularly pronounced /ˈbæbɑr/.^[9] This can be distinguished from Babur or Babar (/ˈbɑːbər/), the first Mughal emperor of medieval India.

Legacy

The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the "Babar" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations, Babar stands along side Mickey Mouse as one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff's Babar's Yoga for Elephants is a top seller in the U.S with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First Lady Laura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of the TV series are broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favorite for years at the White House Easter Egg Roll.^[10]

Since 2001 The Babar franchise has been owned by Corus Entertainment's Nelvana in conjunction with the artist, Clifford Ross.^[11]

Babar made a nameless appearance in The New Traveller's Almanac (part of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series). Babar and his elephants escort Mina Murray and Allan Quartermain through the African jungle. Mina considers them very polite, but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown.

Criticism

Some writers, notably Herbert R. Kohl and Vivian Paley,^[12] have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories are politically and morally offensive and can be seen as a justification for colonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed by World War I and the books were originally an exercise in nostalgia for pre-1914 France. Ariel Dorfman’s The Empire’s Old Clothes^[13] is another highly critical view, in which he concludes, "In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory of neocolonialism." Adam Gopnik has a different point of view. In Freeing the Elephants he writes that it "is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans."^[14] He concludes that the satisfaction derived from Babar is based on the knowledge that "while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park."^[14]

A parody was featured in National Lampoon magazine, and reprinted in the National Lampoon The Book of Books in 1977. In this version of the story, Babar (acting on the advice of American "advisers") violently suppresses a strike by the monkeys working in the kingdom's mines. It ends with Babar and Celeste strung up on meathooks.

Books

Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated seven Babar books; the series was continued by his son, Laurent de Brunhoff.

Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books, and the titles of the English translations, were:

• Histoire de Babar (1931) — The Story of Babar
• Le Voyage de Babar (1932) — The Travels of Babar, or Babar's Travels
• Le Roi Babar (1933) — Babar the King
• L'ABC de Babar (1934) — A.B.C. of Babar
• Les vacances de Zéphir (1936) — Zephir's Holidays, Zephir's Vacation, or Babar and Zephir
• Babar en famille (1938) — Babar and His Children, or Babar at Home
• Babar et le père Noël (1941) — Babar and Father Christmas

Laurent de Brunhoff's books (selected list):

• Babar et ce coquin d'Arthur (1948) — Babar's Cousin: That Rascal Arthur
• Pique-nique chez Babar (1949) — Babar's Picnic
• Babar dans l'Île aux oiseaux (1952) — Babar's Visit to Bird Island
• Babar au cirque (1952) — Babar and the Circus
• La fête à Celesteville (1954) — Babar's Fair
• Babar et le professeur Girafon (1956) — Babar and the Professor
• Le château de Babar (1961) — Babar's Castle
• Je parle anglais avec Babar (1963) — Babar's English Lessons (published as French Lessons in English)
• Babar Comes to America (1965)
• Je parle allemand avec Babar (1966) — Babar's German Lessons
• Je parle espagnol avec Babar (1966) — Babar's Spanish Lessons
• Babar Loses His Crown (1967)
• Babar Visits another Planet (1972)
• Babar and the Wully-Wully (1975)
• Babar Learns to Cook (1978)
• Babar the Magician (1980)
• Babar's Little Library (1980)
• Babar and the Ghost (1981)
• Babar's Anniversary Album (1982)
• Babar's ABC (1983)
• Babar's Book of Color (1984)
• Babar's Counting Book (1986)
• Babar's Little Girl (1987)
• Babar's Little Circus Star (1988)
• Babar's Busy Year (1989)
• Babar's Rescue (1993)
• Le Musée de Babar (2002) — Babar's Museum
• Babar Goes to School (2003)
• Babar's Museum of Art (2003)
• Babar's Book of Color (2004)
• Babar's Busy Year (2005)
• Babar's World Tour (2005)
• Babar's Yoga for Elephants (2006)
• Babar's USA (2008)
• Babar's Celesteville Games (2011)

English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the USA, individually and in collections.

Other English-language titles about Babar include the following:^[15]

• Babar Comes to America. New York: Random House, 1965.
• Babar Learns to Cook. New York: Random House, 1967.
• Babar Loses His Crown. New York: Random House, 1967.
• Babar's Games. New York: Random House, 1968.
• Babar's Fair. New York: Random House, 1969.
• Babar Goes Skiing. New York: Random House, 1969.
• Babar's Moon Trip. New York: Random House, 1969.
• Babar's Trunk. New York: Random House, 1969.
• Babar's Birthday Surprise. New York: Random House, 1970
• Babar's Other Trunk. New York: Random House, 1971.
• Babar Visits Another Planet. New York: Random House, 1972.
• Meet Babar and His Family. New York: Random House, 1973.
• Babar's Bookmobile. New York: Random House, 1974.
• Babar and the Wully-Wully. New York: Random House, 1975.
• Babar Saves the Day. New York: Random House, 1976.
• Babar's Mystery. New York: Random House, 1978.
• Babar's Little Library. New York: Random House, 1980
• Babar the Magician. New York: Random House, 1980.
• Babar's Anniversary Album. New York: Random House, 1981.
• Babar's A.B.C. New York: Random House, 1983.
• Babar's Book of Color. New York: Random House, 2009
• Babar and the Ghost. Easy to Read Edition. New York: Random House, 1986.
• Babar's Counting Book. New York: Random House, 1986.
• "Christmas with Babar & Baby Isabelle." Woman's Day, 22 December 1987.
• Babar's Little Circus Star. New York: Random House, 1988.
• Babar's Busy Year. New York: Random House, 1989.
• Isabelle's New Friend. New York: Random House, 1990.
• Babar and the Succotash Bird. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 2000.
• Babar and Father Christmas. New York: Random House, 2001.

Films and television

• Babar (1960)^[16]
• The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant (1968)
• Babar (1969): broadcast in the UK on BBC1 weekdays from 29 September
• Babar Comes to America (1971)^[17]
• Babar and Father Christmas (1986)^[18]
• Babar (1989)^[19]
• Babar: The Movie (1989)^[20]
• Babar: King of the Elephants (1999)^[21]
• Babar and the Adventures of Badou (2010)^[22]

Notes

External links

• Official Babar site by its publisher
• Digital maquette of Jean de Brunhoff's Histoire de Babar le petit Éléphant
• New York Review of Books article
• Laurent de Brunhoff - Video Interview