Babylonian captivity may refer to various historical events:
- The Babylonian captivity of the Jews, or Babylonian exile, is the name generally given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Babylon by Nebuchadrezzar II.
- Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy refers to the Papacy's sojourn in Avignon, France between 1309 and 1378. See Avignon Papacy.
- Babylonian Captivity of the Church is a tract written by Martin Luther in 1520 examining the seven sacraments of the medieval Church in the light of the Bible. This term can also be used to describe the Avignon Papacy.
- Babylonian Slavery or Egyptian Slavery was also used by the workforce working in the Stalin era and in Nazi concentration camps, deported from central Europe following the German-Soviet pact of 1939. Some groups were freed, like the Poles in 1942, thanks to Wladyslaw Sikorski's agreement with Stalin, and led by Wladyslaw Anders to Persia. Anders was later referred to as the Polish Moses. Most of the people had to wait until the 1945 repatriation agreement, or the 1956 Khrushchev amnesty.
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