| Bacillus subtilis | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| TEM micrograph of a B. subtilis cell in cross-section (scale bar = 200 nm). | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Firmicutes |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Bacillales |
| Family: | Bacillaceae |
| Genus: | Bacillus |
| Species: | B. subtilis |
| Binomial name | |
| Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Cohn 1872 |
|
| Synonyms | |
Bacillus subtilis, known as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium commonly found in soil.[3] A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allowing the organism to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Unlike several other well-known species, B. subtilis has historically been classified as an obligate aerobe, though recent research has demonstrated that this is not strictly correct.[4]
Contents |
Pathogenesis
B. subtilis is not considered a human pathogen; it may contaminate food but rarely causes food poisoning.[5] B. subtilis produces the proteolytic enzyme subtilisin. B. subtilis spores can survive the extreme heating that is often used to cook food, and it is responsible for causing ropiness — a sticky, stringy consistency caused by bacterial production of long-chain polysaccharides — in spoiled bread dough.
Reproduction
B. subtilis can divide symmetrically to make two daughter cells (binary fission), or asymmetrically, producing a single endospore that is resistant to environmental factors such as heat, acid, and salt, and which can persist in the environment for long periods of time. The endospore is formed at times of nutritional stress, allowing the organism to persist in the environment until conditions become favorable. Prior to the process to produce the spore the bacterium might become motile, through the production of flagella, and also take up DNA from the environment.
Chromosomal replication
B. subtilis duplicates its single circular DNA at a single locus, the origin (oriC). Replication proceeds bidirectionally and two replication forks progress in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions along the chromosome halves. Chromosome replication is completed when the forks reach the terminus region, which is positioned opposite to the origin on the chromosome map, and contains several short DNA sequences (Ter sites) that promote replication arrest. Specific proteins mediate all the steps in DNA replication. The comparison between the sets of proteins involved in chromosomal DNA replication in B. subtilis and in Escherichia coli reveals both similarities and differences. Although the basic components promoting initiation, elongation, and termination of replication are well conserved, some important differences can be found (such as one bacterium missing proteins essential in the other). These differences underline the diversity in the mechanisms and strategies that various bacterial species have adopted to carry out the duplication of their genomes.[6]
Model organism
B. subtilis has proven highly amenable to genetic manipulation, and has therefore become widely adopted as a model organism for laboratory studies, especially of sporulation, which is a simplified example of cellular differentiation. It is also heavily flagellated, which gives B. subtilis the ability to move quite quickly. In terms of popularity as a laboratory model organism B. subtilis is often used as the Gram-positive equivalent of Escherichia coli, an extensively studied Gram-negative rod.
Uses
B. subtilis is used as a soil inoculant in horticulture and agriculture. B. subtilis has been used for a biowarfare simulant during Project SHAD (aka Project 112).[1]
Enzymes produced by B. subtilis and B. licheniformis are widely used as additives in laundry detergents.
Its other uses include the following:
- a model organism for laboratory studies
- a strain of B. subtilis formerly known as Bacillus natto is used in the commercial production of the Japanese food natto as well as the similar Korean food cheonggukjang
- B. subtilis strain QST 713 (marketed as QST 713 or Serenade) has a natural fungicidal activity, and is employed as a biological control agent
- popular worldwide before the introduction of consumer antibiotics as an immunostimulatory agent to aid treatment of gastrointestinal and urinary tract diseases. It is still widely used in Western Europe and the Middle East as an alternative medicine
- can convert explosives into harmless compounds of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water
- plays a role in safe radionuclide waste [e.g. Thorium (IV) and Plutonium (IV)] disposal with the proton binding properties of its surfaces
- recombinants B. subtilis str. pBE2C1 and B. subtilis str. pBE2C1AB were used in production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and that they could use malt waste as carbon source for lower cost of PHA production
- used to create amylase enzymes
Genome
B. subtilis has approximately 4,100 genes. Of these, only 192 were shown to be indispensable; another 79 were predicted to be essential as well. A vast majority of essential genes were categorized in relatively few domains of cell metabolism, with about half involved in information processing, one-fifth involved in the synthesis of cell envelope and the determination of cell shape and division, and one-tenth related to cell energetics.[citation needed]
History
In 1835, the bacterium was originally named Vibrio subtilis by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg,[7] and renamed Bacillus subtilis by Ferdinand Cohn in 1872.[8] Cultures of B. subtilis were used throughout the 1950s as an alternative medicine due to the immunostimulatory effects of its cell matter, which upon digestion has been found to significantly stimulate broad spectrum immune activity including activation of specific antibody gM, IgG and IgA secretion[9] and release of CpG dinucleotides inducing INF A/Y producing activity of Leukocytes and Cytokines important in the development of cytotoxicity towards tumor cells.[10] It was marketed throughout America and Europe from 1946 as an immunostimulatory aid in the treatment of gut and urinary tract diseases such as Rotavirus and Shigella,[11] but declined in popularity after the introduction of cheap consumer antibiotics despite causing less chance of allergic reaction and significantly lower toxicity to normal gut flora.
References
- ^ Euzéby JP (2008). "Bacillus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/b/bacillus.html. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ^ Ambrosiano N (1999-06-30). "Lab biodetector tests to be safe, public to be well informed". Press release. Los Alamos National Labs. http://www.lanl.gov/news/releases/archive/99-101.shtml. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ^ Madigan M, Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
- ^ Nakano MM, Zuber P (1998). "Anaerobic growth of a "strict aerobe" (Bacillus subtilis)". Annu Rev Microbiol 52: 165–90. doi:. PMID 9891797.
- ^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ^ Noirot P (2007). "Replication of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome". Bacillus: Cellular and Molecular Biology (Graumann P, ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-12-7. http://www.horizonpress.com/bac.
- ^ Ehrenberg CG (1835). Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin aus den Jahren 1833–1835. pp. 145–336.
- ^ Cohn F (1872). "Untersuchungen über Bacterien". Beitr Biol Pflanzen 1(Heft 1): 127–224.
- ^ Ciprandi, G., A. Scordamaglia, D. Venuti, M. Caria, and G. W. Canonica. (1986). "In vitro effects of Bacillus subtilis on the immune response.". Chemioterapia: 5:404–407.
- ^ Shylakhovenko, V.A. (2003 (June)). "Anticancer and Immunostimulatory effects of Nucleoprotein Fraction of Bacillus subtilis.". Experimental Oncology 25: 119–123.
- ^ Mazza, P. (1994). "The use of Bacillus subtilis as an antidiarrhoeal microorganism.". Boll. Chim. Farm. 133: 3–18.
See also
External links
- SubtiWiki: SubtiWiki "up-to-date information for all genes of Bacillus subtilis"
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
