Ballets de cour

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A court ballet. Derived from the spectacles of the Italian Renaissance, which were designed as entertainment for the nobility, the ballet de cour was performed by aristocrats (usually enthusiastic amateurs under the guidance of a professional dancing master) from the royal courts of Europe and included elements of music and verse as well as dance. It enjoyed its greatest flowering in France, from the middle of the 16th century until the reign of Louis XIV a century later. The ballet de cour, with its lavish decor and costumes and elaborate special effects, was often used to mark an important event or to convey a political message. In the case of Louis XIV, who as a teenager appeared as the Sun in Ballet de la Nuit, the grand theatrical display was also used as a public assertion of power. The subject-matter of such ballets was usually mythological or allegorical. The Ballet comique de la reine (1581) is the earliest-known example of ballet de cour.

An entertainment, extremely popular from the late 16th to the late 17th c., which exploited the different skills of poet, musician, choreographer, painter, and machiniste in a series of tableaux unified by a common theme. Of Italian inspiration, it became established after the spectacular Ballet comique de la reine of 1581. Free of constricting rules and traditions, it underwent multiple transformations in which, at different times, satire, melodrama, allegory, and the burlesque were given prominence; its thematic inspiration was similarly varied, drawing on ancient history or myth, chivalric romance or contemporary fiction. In some of Molière's court entertainments, the role of librettist, often subordinated to that of musician and choreographer, became more pronounced; from these would develop the sophisticated art of comédie-ballet. For all its diversity, it was characterized by its taste for spectacle, providing a refuge for the imagination as the classical aesthetic took hold [see also Machine Plays]. But it also served social or political functions. In the early years, it reflected the aspirations of courtly society, with its representations of celestial harmony or the dawn of a new Golden Age; under Louis XIV it often served a more specific purpose, helping to create and sustain the myth of the Sun King.

[Jonathan Mallinson]

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Ballets de cour (Court ballet) is the name given to ballets performed in the 16th and 17th centuries at court. Jean-Baptiste Lully is considered the most important composer of music for ballets de cour and was instrumental to the development of the form. During his employment by Louis XIV as director of the Académie Royale de Music he worked with Pierre Beauchamp, Molière, Philippe Quinault and Mademoiselle De Lafontaine, (the first professional female dancer and Premiere danseuse of the Paris Opera Ballet) to develop ballet as an art form equal to that of the accompanying music.

Beauchamp, superintendent of the ballet and director of the Académie Royale de Danse codified the five positions based on the foundations set down by Thoinot Arbeau in his 1588 Orchesographie. Emphasising the technical aspects of dance Beauchamp set out the first rules of ballet technique. The emphasis on turned out legs, light costumes, female dancers and long dance sequences (all first seen in L'Europe galante (1697)) with light, flexible footwear was a turning point in ballet practice that lead to Pre romantic ballet era. Pierre Rameau expanded on Beauchamp's work in Dancing master 1725 further detailing carriage of the body, steps and positions.

The ballets de cour developed into the comédie-ballet and then the opéra-ballet during the course of the 18th century. This was a fully operatic form that included ballet as a prominent feature of the performance. Jean-Philippe Rameau's Les Indes galantes (1735) is considered to be the work that signaled the divergence of social (ballroom) dance and ballet.

See also

• Ballet Comique de la Reine
• Ballet timeline
• Baroque dance
• History of ballet
• History of dance

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