aoudad

Barbary Sheep
Barbary Sheep
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Caprinae Genus: Ammotragus Blyth, 1840 Species: A. lervia
Binomial name
Ammotragus lervia Pall., 1777
Subspecies
A. l. angusi Rothschild, 1921 A. l. blainei Rothschiild, 1913 A. l. lervia Pallas, 1777 A. l. fassini Lepri, 1930 A. l. ornatus † I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827 A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913

The Barbary Sheep (Ammotragus lervia, also called Aoudad, Arui and Waddan (in Libya) is a species of Caprinae (goat-antelope) found in rocky mountains in North Africa. Six subspecies have been described. Although it is rare in its native North Africa, it has been introduced to North America, southern Europe and elsewhere.

Description

Barbary Sheep stand 80 to 100 cm (30 to 40 inches) tall at the shoulder and weigh 40 to 140 kg (90 to 310 lb). They are a sandy-brown color, darkening with age, with a slightly lighter underbelly and a darker line on the back. Upperparts and outer legs are uniform reddish-brown or grayish-brown. There is some shaggy hair on the throat (extending down to the chest in males) and a sparse "mane". Their horns have a triangular cross section. The horns curve outwards, backwards then inwards, and reach up to 50 cm (20 inches). The horns are smooth, but wrinkled at the base.

Range

Natural range

Barbary sheep are found in northern Africa in Algeria, Tunisia, northern Chad, Egypt, Libya, northern Mali, Mauritania, Morocco (including Western Sahara), Niger and Sudan (west of Nile and east of Nile in the Red Sea Hills)^[2].

Introduced populations

Barbary sheep were introduced into southeastern Spain and southwestern United States (parts of Texas, New Mexico, California) and Mexico and in some parts of Africa.

The species is currently expanding in the southeastern quarter of the Iberian Peninsula according to recent field surveys (Cassinello et al., 2004). Aoudads have become common in a limited region of the south east of Spain since its introduction as a game species in Sierra Espuña Natural Park in 1970. Its adaptability enabled it to colonise nearby areas quickly. Increasing number of Aoudads in Spanish private game estates were other centers of dispersion.

Aoudads also were introduced in La Palma Island (Canary Islands), becoming a serious threat to endemic flora. Of great conservation concern is their potential as competitors against native ungulates inhabiting the peninsula. Surveys conducted in southern Spain documented rapid colonization of new areas and established viable populations, consisting of adult males and females and the unequivocal presence of nursery groups, in the provinces of Alicante, Almería, Granada and Murcia. Aoudads have also spread throughout the north and centre of La Palma.

There are two main conservational concerns: the necessity to conduct detailed, reliable surveys in all potential regions where the species might expand, and the urgent need to change current game policies in order to establish reliable controls on big game estates to prevent animals from escaping.

Subspecies

The subspecies are classified mainly according to their distribution in North Africa^[2]:

• Ammotragus lervia lervia Pallas, 1777. (vulnerable)
• Egyptian Barbary Sheep Ammotragus lervia ornatus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827. (extinct in the wild)
• Ammotragus lervia sahariensis Rothschild, 1913. (vulnerable)
• Ammotragus lervia blainei Rothschild, 1913. (vulnerble)
• Ammotragus lervia angusi Rothschild, 1921. (vulnerable)
• Ammotragus lervia fassini Lepri, 1930. (vulnerable)

Habitats

Barbary Sheep

Barbary Sheep are found in arid mountainous areas of the Sahara where they graze and browse all available plants -- grass, bushes, lichen and acacia. They obtain all their moisture from food, but if water is available they drink and wallow in it. Barbary Sheep are crepuscular, active in the early morning and late afternoon, resting in the heat of the day. They are very agile and can jump over two metres from a stand-still. Barbary Sheep are usually solitary, and freeze in the presence of danger. Their main predators in North Africa are leopards and caracals.

Names

The binomial name Ammotragus lervia derives from the Greek ammos ("sand", referring to the sand-coloured coat) and tragos ("goat"). Lervia derives from the wild sheep of northern Africa described as "lerwee" by Rev. T. Shaw in his "Travels and Observations" about parts of Barbary and Levant.

"Aoudad" (pronounced /aˈuːdæd/ or /ˈaʊdæd/) is the name for this sheep used by the Berbers, a North African people.

Gallery

A barbary sheep seeks handouts at a Texas wildlife park.

A ewe and lamb rest in the shade of a tree.

Lamb (closeup)

Barbary Sheep at the Wildlife Ranch in San Antonio, TX.

References

Bibliography

• Cassinello, J. (1998). Ammotragus lervia: a review on systematics, biology, ecology and distribution. Annales Zoologici Fennici 35: 149-162
• Cassinello, J.; Serrano, E.; Calabuig, G. & Pérez, J.M. (2004). Range expansion of an exotic ungulate (Ammotragus lervia) in southern Spain: ecological and conservation concerns. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 851-866
• Wacher, T., Baha El Din, S., Mikhail, G. & Baha El din, M. (2002). New observations of the ‘extinct’ Aoudad Ammotragus lervia ornata in Egypt. Oryx 36: 301–304.

External links

• A Spanish site on complete biological information about the Aoudad
• The Ultimate Ungulate entry on Barbary Sheep
• Barbary Sheep in Texas