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Lawrence, John Laird Mair, 1st Baron (1811-79). Lawrence was born in Yorkshire, educated at Haileybury School, and joined the East India Company service in 1830. He achieved celebrity during and after the Sikh wars (1845-6 and 1848-9). As the first commissioner of Jullundur district, he laid the foundations of ‘the Punjab school’ of administration which identified closely with the interests of the peasantry and sought to preserve traditional forms of society and law. He was viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869, and was given his barony on leaving office.

Baron, 1811–79, British colonial administrator in India; brother of Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence. He went to India in 1829 and served in many administrative posts. In 1846, after the first Sikh War, he was made commissioner of the newly acquired Sikh territory. After the total annexation (1849) of the Punjab, Lawrence and his brother Henry reorganized the province, creating a system of administration by which all government functions in each district were concentrated in the hands of a single official, the district commissioner. The Punjab remained quiet during the Indian Mutiny (1857–58), and Lawrence directed the British troops in the recapture of Delhi. He returned to England in 1859 but in 1863 was appointed viceroy of India. Lawrence was a vigorous opponent of the expansionist policies that led to the Afghan Wars.

Bibliography

See studies by D. Pal (1952) and M. Edwardes (1958).

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