Bashkirian

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This article is about the stage of the Carboniferous. For the defunct Russian airline, see BAL Bashkirian Airlines.

System	Subsystem/ Series	Stage	Age (Ma)
Permian	Cisuralian	Asselian	younger
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	299.0–303.9
		Kasimovian	303.9–306.5
		Moscovian	306.5–311.7
		Bashkirian	311.7–318.1
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	318.1–328.3
		Viséan	328.3–345.3
		Tournaisian	345.3–359.2
Devonian	Upper	Famennian	older
Subdivision of the Carboniferous system according to the ICS.^[1]

The Bashkirian is in the ICS geologic timescale the lowest stage or oldest age of the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Bashkirian age lasted from 318.1 ± 1.3 to 311.7 ± 1.1 Ma,^[2] is preceded by the Serpukhovian and is followed by the Moscovian.

The Bashkirian overlaps with the upper part of the Namurian and lower part of the Westphalian stages from regional European stratigraphy. It also overlaps with the North American Morrowan and Atokan stages and the Chinese Luosuan and lower Huashibanian stages.^[3]

Contents

1 Name and definition
2 Subdivision
3 See also

Name and definition

The Bashkirian was named after the Bashkirs, inhabitants of the republic of Bashkortostan in the southern Ural Mountains (Russia). The stage was introduced by Russian stratigrapher Sofia Semikhatova in 1934.

The base of the Bashkirian is at the first appearance of conodont species Declinognathodus noduliferus. The top of the stage (the base of the Moscovian) is at the first appearance of the conodonts Declinognathodus donetzianus or Idiognathoides postsulcatus,^[4] or at the first appearance of fusulinid Aljutovella aljutovica.^[5] The GSSP (type location for the base of a stage) for the Bashkirian is in the Battleship Wash Formation at Arrow Canyon, Nevada.^[6]

Subdivision

The Bashkirian contains six biozones based on conodont index fossils:

Neognathodus atokaensis Zone
Declinognathodus marginodosus Zone
Idiognathodus sinuosus Zone
Neognathodus askynensis Zone
Idiognathoides sinuatus Zone
Declinognathodus noduliferus Zone

^ Gradstein F, Ogg J (2004). "Geologic Time Scale 2004 – why, how, and where next!" (pdf). Lethaia 37: 175–181. doi:10.1080/00241160410006483. http://www.geo.sc.chula.ac.th/Geology/Thai/News/Geology/pdf/Geological%20Time%20Scale.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
^ Gradstein et al. (2004)
^ Heckel & Clayton (2006)
^ Nemyrovska (1999)
^ Solovieva (1986)
^ Established by Lane et al. (1999)

Literature

Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
Heckel, P.H. & Clayton, G.; 2006: The Carboniferous system, use of the new official names for the subsystems, series and stages, Geologica Acta 4(3), pp 403–407.
Lane, H.R.; Brenckle, P.L.; Baesemann, J.F. & Richards, B.; 1999: The IUGS boundary in the middle of the Carboniferous: Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA, Episodes 22(4), pp 272–283.
Menning, M.; Alekseev, A.S.; Chuvashov, B.I.; Davydov, V.I.; Devuyst, F.-X.; Forke, H.C.; Grunt, T.A.; Hance, L.; Heckel, P.H.; Izokh, N.G.; Jin, Y.-G.; Jones, P.J.; Kotlyar, G.V.; Kozur, H.W.; Nemyrovska, T.I.; Schneider, J.W.; Wang, X.-D.; Weddige, K.; Weyer, D. & Work, D.M.; 2006: Global time scale and regional stratigraphic reference scales of Central and West Europe, East Europe, Tethys, South China, and North America as used in the Devonian–Carboniferous–Permian Correlation Chart 2003 (DCP 2003), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240(1-2): pp 318–372.
Nemyrovska, T.I.; 1999: Bashkirian conodonts of the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Scr. Geol. 119, pp 1–115 (Russian).
Solovieva, M.N.; 1986: Zonal fusulinid scale of the Moscovian Stage based on a revision of the type sections of intrastage subdivisions, Vopr. Mikropaleontol. 28, pp 3–23 (Russian).

External links

Carboniferous timescale at the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
Bashkirian, Geowhen Database

Geologic history of Earth

Precambrian (4.57 Gya – 542 Mya)

In left column are eons; right column: bold are eras; not bold are periods:

Hadean (4.57 – 4 Gya)	(informal)

Archean (4 – 2.5 Gya)	Eoarchean (4 – 3.6 Gya) Paleoarchean (3.6 – 3.2 Gya) Mesoarchean (3.2 – 2.8 Gya) Neoarchean (2.8 – 2.5 Gya)

Proterozoic (2.5 Gya – 542 Mya)	Paleoproterozoic (2.5 – 1.6 Gya): Siderian (2.5 – 2.3 Gya) · Rhyacian (2.3 – 2.05 Gya) · Orosirian (2.05 – 1.8 Gya) · Statherian (1.8 – 1.6 Gya) Mesoproterozoic (1.6 – 1 Gya): Calymmian (1.6 – 1.4 Gya) · Ectasian (1.4 – 1.2 Gya) · Stenian (1.2 – 1 Gya) Neoproterozoic (1 Gya – 542 Mya): Tonian (1 Gya – 850 Mya) · Cryogenian (850 – 635 Mya) · Ediacaran (635 – 542 Mya)

Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.

Phanerozoic (542 – 0 Mya)

In horizontal bars are eras; in left column are periods; right column: bold are epochs; not bold not italic are ages; italic are chrons:

Paleozoic (542 – 251 Mya)

Cambrian (542 – 488.3 Mya)	Terreneuvian (542 – 521 Mya) (de): Fortunian (542 – 528 Mya) (de) · Age 2* (528 – 521 Mya) *Epoch 2 (521 – 510 Mya)*: Age 3 (521 – 515 Mya) · Age 4* (515 – 510 Mya) *Epoch 3 (510 – 499 Mya)*: Age 5 (510 – 506.5 Mya) · Drumian (506.5 – 503 Mya) (de) · Guzhangian (503 – 499 Mya) (de) Furongian (499 – 488.3 Mya): Paibian (499 – 496 Mya) · Jiangshanian (496 – 492 Mya) (de) · Age 10* (492 – 488.3 Mya)

Ordovician (488.3 – 443.7 Mya)	Early Ordovician (488.3 – 471.8 Mya): Tremadocian (488.3 – 478.6 Mya) · Floian (478.6 – 471.8 Mya) Middle Ordovician (471.8 – 460.9 Mya): Dapingian (471.8 – 468.1 Mya) · Darriwilian (468.1 – 460.9 Mya) Late Ordovician (460.9 – 443.7 Mya): Sandbian (460.9 – 455.8 Mya) · Katian (455.8 – 445.6 Mya) · Hirnantian (445.6 – 443.7 Mya)

Silurian (443.7 – 416 Mya)	Llandovery (443.7 – 428.2 Mya): Rhuddanian (443.7 – 439 Mya) · Aeronian (439 – 436 Mya) · Telychian (436 – 428.2 Mya) Wenlock (428.2 – 422.9 Mya): Sheinwoodian (428.2 – 426.2 Mya) · Homerian (426.2 – 422.9 Mya) Ludlow (422.9 – 418.7 Mya): Gorstian (422.9 – 421.3 Mya) · Ludfordian (421.3 – 418.7 Mya) Pridoli (418.7 – 416 Mya)

Devonian (416 – 359.2 Mya)	Early Devonian (416 – 397.5 Mya): Lochkovian (416 – 411.2 Mya) · Pragian (411.2 – 407 Mya) · Emsian (407 – 397.5 Mya) Middle Devonian (397.5 – 385.3 Mya): Eifelian (397.5 – 391.8 Mya) · Givetian (391.8 – 385.3 Mya) Late Devonian (385.3 – 359.2 Mya): Frasnian (385.3 – 374.5 Mya) · Famennian (374.5 – 359.2 Mya)

Carboniferous (359.2 – 299 Mya)	Mississippian (359.2 – 318.1 Mya): Tournaisian / Early Mississippian (359.2 – 345.3 Mya) · Viséan / Middle Mississippian (345.3 – 328.3 Mya) · Serpukhovian / Late Mississippian (328.3 – 318.1 Mya) Pennsylvanian (318.1 – 299 Mya): Bashkirian / Early Pennsylvanian (318.1 – 311.7 Mya) · Moscovian / Middle Pennsylvanian (311.7 – 307.2 Mya) · Late Pennsylvanian (307.2 – 299 Mya): Kasimovian (307.2 – 303.4 Mya) · Gzhelian (303.4 – 299 Mya)

Permian (299 – 251 Mya)	Cisuralian (299 – 270.6 Mya): Asselian (299 – 294.6 Mya) · Sakmarian (294.6 – 284.4 Mya) · Artinskian (284.4 – 275.6 Mya) · Kungurian (275.6 – 270.6 Mya) Guadalupian (270.6 – 260.4 Mya): Roadian (270.6 – 268 Mya) · Wordian (268 – 265.8 Mya) · Capitanian (265.8 – 260.4 Mya) Lopingian (260.4 – 251 Mya): Wuchiapingian (260.4 – 253.8 Mya) · Changhsingian (253.8 – 251 Mya)

Mesozoic (251 – 65.5 Mya)

Triassic (251 – 199.6 Mya)	Early Triassic (251 – 245.9 Mya): Induan (251 – 249.5 Mya) · Olenekian (249.5 – 245.9 Mya) Middle Triassic (245.9 – 228.7 Mya): Anisian (245.9 – 237 Mya) · Ladinian (237 – 228.7 Mya) Late Triassic (228.7 – 199.6 Mya): Carnian (228.7 – 216.5 Mya) · Norian (216.5 – 203.6 Mya) · Rhaetian (203.6 – 199.6 Mya)

Jurassic (199.6 – 145.5 Mya)	Early Jurassic (199.6 – 175.6 Mya): Hettangian (199.6 – 196.5 Mya) · Sinemurian (196.5 – 189.6 Mya) · Pliensbachian (189.6 – 183 Mya) · Toarcian (183 – 175.6 Mya) Middle Jurassic (175.6 – 161.2 Mya): Aalenian (175.6 – 171.6 Mya) · Bajocian (171.6 – 167.7 Mya) · Bathonian (167.7 – 164.7 Mya) · Callovian (164.7 – 161.2 Mya) Late Jurassic (161.2 – 145.5 Mya): Oxfordian (161.2 – 155.6 Mya) · Kimmeridgian (155.6 – 150.8 Mya) · Tithonian (150.8 – 145.5 Mya)

Cretaceous (145.5 – 65.5 Mya)	Early Cretaceous (145.5 – 99.6 Mya): Berriasian (145.5 – 140.2 Mya) · Valanginian (140.2 – 133.9 Mya) · Hauterivian (133.9 – 130 Mya) · Barremian (130 – 125 Mya) · Aptian (125 – 112 Mya) · Albian (112 – 99.6 Mya) Late Cretaceous (99.6 – 65.5 Mya): Cenomanian (99.6 – 93.6 Mya) · Turonian (93.6 – 88.6 Mya) · Coniacian (88.6 – 85.8 Mya) · Santonian (85.8 – 83.5 Mya) · Campanian (83.5 – 70.6 Mya) · Maastrichtian (70.6 – 65.5 Mya)

Cenozoic (65.5 – 0 Mya)

Paleogene, Neogene and early Pleistocene comprise former Tertiary* (65.5 – 1.8 Mya) period. Gelasian and Calabrian comprise Early Pleistocene (2.588 Mya – 781 kya) subepoch.

Paleogene (65.5 – 23.03 Mya)	Paleocene (65.5 – 55.8 Mya): Danian (65.5 – 61.1 Mya) · Selandian (61.1 – 58.7 Mya) · Thanetian (58.7 – 55.8 Mya) Eocene (55.8 – 33.9 Mya): Ypresian (55.8 – 48.6 Mya) · Lutetian (48.6 – 40.4 Mya) · Bartonian (40.4 – 37.2 Mya) · Priabonian (37.2 – 33.9 Mya) Oligocene (33.9 – 23.03 Mya): Rupelian (33.9 – 28.4 Mya) · Chattian (28.4 – 23.03 Mya)

Neogene (23.03 – 2.588 Mya)	Miocene (23.03 – 5.332 Mya): Aquitanian (23.03 – 20.43 Mya) · Burdigalian (20.43 – 15.97 Mya) · Langhian (15.97 – 13.82 Mya) · Serravallian (13.82 – 11.608 Mya) · Tortonian (11.608 – 7.246 Mya) · Messinian (7.246 – 5.332 Mya) Pliocene (5.332 – 2.588 Mya): Piacenzian (5.332 – 3.6 Mya) · Zanclean (3.6 – 2.588 Mya)

Quaternary (2.588 – 0 Mya)	Pleistocene (2.588 Mya – 11.4 kya): Gelasian (2.588 – 1.806 Mya) · Calabrian (1.806 Mya – 781 kya) · Middle Pleistocene / Ionian (781 – 126 kya) · Late Pleistocene / Tarantian (126 – 11.4 kya): Oldest Dryas (18 – 14.67 kya) · Bølling* (14.67 – 14 kya) · Older Dryas* (14 – 13.7 kya) · Allerød* (13.7 – 12.8 kya) · Younger Dryas* (12.8 – 11.4 kya)* Holocene (11.4 – 0 kya): Preboreal (11.4 – 9 kya) · Boreal* (9 – 8 kya) · Atlantic* (8 – 5 kya) · Subboreal* (5 – 2.5 kya) · Subatlantic* (2.5 – 0 kya)*

kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. * Not officially recognized by the I.C.S.

Source: International Stratigraphic Chart. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 8 February 2008.

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