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battle of Ancrum Moor

Ancrum Moor, battle of, 1545. The death of James V after the disaster at Solway Moss in 1542 encouraged Henry VIII to propose a marriage between his son Edward and the infant queen of Scotland, Mary. When the negotiations faltered, Henry resolved on a strong-arm policy, the famous ‘rough wooing’. In 1544 Hertford (Somerset) sacked Edinburgh. The following year another expedition, led by Sir Ralph Evers and Sir Brian Latoun, gutted Melrose. But the regent, Arran, and the earl of Angus gathered a Scottish army and on 17 February inflicted a heavy defeat on the invaders, killing both the leaders.

 
 
Wikipedia: Battle of Ancrum Moor
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Part of Anglo-Scottish Wars
Date February 27 1545
Location 4 miles northwest of Jedburgh, Scotland
Result Decisive Scottish Victory
Combatants
Scots English
Commanders
James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran
Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus
Sir Ralph Eure
Sir Brian Layton
Strength
approx 2500 3000 mercenary Reiters
1500 English Border Reivers

700 turncoat Scots

Casualties
unknown 800 killed
1000 prisoners

The Battle of Ancrum Moor was fought during the War of the Rough Wooing. The Scottish victory put a temporary end to English depredations in the Scottish borders and lowlands.

Background to the War

As his reign drew to a close, King Henry VIII sought to secure the alliance of Scotland and the marriage of the infant Mary, Queen of Scots to his son Edward. He had the support of some Scots nobles who had been taken prisoner at the Battle of Solway Moss, and mixed diplomacy with the threat of force, but in December 1543 the Scottish Parliament, after much internal dissension, decided to reject Henry's overtures and instead renew the alliance with France.

Campaign

Henry's reaction was to launch a ruthless war against Scotland. This attempt to force Scotland into alliance was known as the "Rough Wooing". He ordered the Earl of Hertford, his Warden of the Marches, to devastate Edinburgh, Leith and many other towns. Hertford dutifully laid waste to much of southern Scotland in two expeditions in 1544.

The following year, an army under Sir Ralph Eure (alternatively spelt "Evers") continued to pillage in the borders. Perhaps their worst atrocity was the burning of Brumehous Tower, with the lady of the house and her children and servants inside. Their activities forced an unlikely alliance of two self-seeking Scottish nobles, the Earl of Arran, Regent for the infant Mary, and the Earl of Angus (whose estates had been razed, and family tombs vandalised, by Hertford). Joined by borderers under Scott of Buccleuch (who may have been the inspiration for their subsequent tactics), they moved to confront the English army near Jedburgh.

The battle

The English Army consisted of 3000 German and Spanish mercenaries, 1500 English borderers under Sir Brian Layton and 700 Scottish borderers. As they settled into an encampment under Gersit Law, a small Scottish force made a feint attack and then retreated southwest towards Palace Hill. Much of the English force followed in pursuit. As they reached the top of Palace Hill, they were attacked by the whole Scottish army which had been hidden on the far side of the hill.

The Scots had the advantage of surprise, and of the setting sun which was behind them and dazzling the English, and of the westerly wind which blew gunpowder smoke from arquebuses and pistols towards the English.

The English, who were in some disarray, were forced back by the initial Scottish attack. They tried to rally on the slope of Palace Hill, but the Scottish borderers with them now chose to revert to their former allegiance. The English army now broke, and was forced to scatter through a hostile countryside.

Results

The English lost 800 men killed (including Eure and Layton) and 1000 taken prisoner. This temporarily stopped their harrying of Scotland.

The war came to an end shortly afterwards on the death of Henry VIII, only to break out again with perhaps even more violence when Hertford, now Protector Somerset ruling on behalf of Edward VI, sought to impose his own political and religious settlement on Scotland.

Sources

Famous Scottish battles, Philip Warner, Leo Cooper, ISBN 0-85052-487-3 A History of Scotland, R. L. Mackie

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British History. A Dictionary of British History. Copyright © 2001, 2004 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.  Read more
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