Battle of Beaver Dams

Coordinates: 43°07′04″N 79°11′08″W / 43.117776°N 79.185419°W / 43.117776; -79.185419

Battle of Beaver Dams Part of the War of 1812 Laura Secord warns James Fitzgibbon. Date 24 June, 1813 Location Thorold, Ontario Result Decisive British victory Belligerents Britain United States Commanders James FitzGibbon Charles G. Boerstler Strength 400 natives, 50 regulars 600+ regulars[1] Casualties and losses 30+ dead or wounded 100 dead or wounded,[2] 500 captured[2]

v • d • e Niagara campaigns Queenston Heights – Fort George – Stoney Creek – Beaver Dams – Fort Niagara – Port Dover - 1st Fort Erie – Chippawa – Lundy's Lane – 2nd Fort Erie – Cook's Mills

The Battle of Beaver Dams took place on 24 June, 1813, during the Anglo-American War of 1812. An American attempt to surprise a British outpost at Beaver Dams near Fort George failed, and the Americans were ambushed by Native warriors, eventually surrendering to the commander of a small British detachment.

Background

On May 25, 1813, the Americans had won the Battle of Fort George, capturing the fort. They then attempted to pursue the British, but this pursuit was not so well organised and was checked at the Battle of Stoney Creek by a British counter-attack. At the same time, the American flotilla of warships which had been supporting their army on the Niagara peninsula was hastily withdrawn to face a threat to their own base and a British flotilla threatened the Americans' line of communications. The Americans fell back to Fort George. The British followed up and occupied two outposts, at Twelve Mile Creek and at Beaver Dams in the present-day city of Thorold, Ontario. From these outposts, militia and Natives harassed the Americans.

The American commander at Fort George, Brigadier General John Parker Boyd, decided to clear the threat posed by enemy raiders and to restore his mens' morale by making a surprise attack on the outpost at Beaver Dams.

American plan

The attacking force consisted of the 14th U.S. Infantry, with detachments of the 6th, 13th and 23rd U.S. Infantry, a company of artillery with one 12-pounder and one 6-pounder field guns,^[3] twenty U.S. Dragoons and an irregular corps of forty mounted volunteers from the New York Militia. The force was accompanied by two large supply wagons. The commander was the recently promoted Colonel Charles Boerstler of the 14th U.S. Infantry.^[4] At dusk on 23 June, Boerstler's force moved in secret from Fort George to the village of Queenston, where they quartered themselves in the houses and other buildings.

A Canadian tradition is that several American officers had billeted themselves in the house of Militia Captain James Secord, who had been severely wounded the previous year at the Battle of Queenston Heights. His wife, Laura Secord, overheard the American officers discussing their plans. Very early on 22 June,^[5] she set out to warn the British outpost. The Americans had placed sentries around the village, but one of these believed Laura Secord's story that she was going to milk a cow and let her pass. Mrs. Secord made her way for 12 miles (19 km) through the woods until she stumbled into an Indian encampment. The Indians took her to Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon, commanding the outpost. Fitzgibbon acted immediately on her information, placing 450 Indians in ambush on the route the Americans were to use.

Battle

The main contingent of Indians were 300 Kahnawake, also referred to as Caughnawaga in contemporary accounts. (The Kahnawake were Mohawks who had earlier been converted to Christianity by Jesuit missionaries.) They were nominally commanded by Captain Dominique Ducharme of the Indian Department, with Lieutenants Isaac LeClair and J.B. de Lorimier. There were also 100 Mohawks under Captain William Johnson Kerr. They set up ambushes in a thickly wooded area 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Beaver Dams. Fitzgibbon with 46 men of the 49th Regiment of Foot was in reserve.

The Americans left Queenston late on the morning of 24 June. As they approached Beaver Dams, they became aware of Indians closing in on their flanks and rear, but Boerstler did not change his plans. When the Indians opened fire, Boerstler was wounded and placed in one of the wagons. By American accounts,^[6] they put the Mohawks to flight and fought their way out of the woods into open fields where they could use their artillery and the Indians were not at such an advantage. At this point, Fitzgibbon intervened. Addressing Boerstler under a flag of truce, he claimed that the Americans were outnumbered and surrounded, and that if they did not surrender he would be unable to restrain the Indians from slaughtering the entire American force. The wounded Boerstler capitulated, with 484 men, to Major de Haren of the 104th Regiment, who had just arrived on the field with another detachment of regulars from Twelve Mile Creek.^[7]

The Indians admitted to 5 chiefs and warriors killed, and 20 wounded^[8] although Ducharme stated that 15 were killed and 25 wounded.^[9] The Americans suffered 100 casualties.^[2] It was later claimed that many of the wounded Americans were killed by Mohawks.^[9]

Results

The loss of Boerstler's detachment demoralised the Americans at Fort George. From then until they abandoned the fort on 10 December, they rarely dared send any patrols more than a mile from the fort. To reinforce their fear of the Indians, there was another minor disaster on 8 July when a party from the 8th (King's) Regiment) and Merritt's Troop of Provincial Dragoons, accompanied by Ottawas under Captain Matthew Elliott and other Indians under Mohawk chief John Norton, went to retrieve a chest of medicines which had been hastily buried at Ball's Farm near Two Mile Creek when the British had evacuated Fort George in May. An American party from the 13th U.S. Infantry under Lieutenant Eldridge attempted to pursue the British detachment but was ambushed, losing 28 men, several of whom were scalped despite the efforts of officers of the Indian Department to prevent it.^[10]

Most of the American regular soldiers and Boyd himself were transferred to Sackett's Harbor in September, leaving the fort in the hands of New York Militia.

Legends and folk tales

Referring to the respective parts played by the various Native Americans and the British, local legend (perhaps started by Mohawk leader John Norton, who was present) had it that, "The Caughnawaga got the victory, the Mohawks got the plunder and Fitzgibbon got the credit".^[8][11]

In 1818,^[8] Fitzgibbon made a report to Captain Kerr which read in part:

With respect to the affair with Captain (sic) Boerstler, not a shot was fired on our side by any but the Indians. They beat the American detachment into a state of terror, and the only share I claim is taking advantage of a favorable moment to offer them protection from the tomahawk and scalping knife. The Indian Department did the rest^[7]

Captain Ducharme claimed that he himself did not demand the Americans' surrender because as a French Canadian by birth who had spent most of his life among the Indians, he spoke no English.^[10]

Laura Secord

Much later, in 1827, Fitzgibbon wrote:

I do hereby Certify that on the 22d. day of June 1813, Mrs. Secord, Wife of James Secord, Esqr. then of St. David's, came to me at the Beaver Dam after Sun Set, having come from her house at St. David's by a circuitous route a distance of twelve miles, and informed me that her Husband had learnt from an American officer the preceding night that a Detachment from the American Army then in Fort George would be sent out on the following morning (the 23d.) for the purpose of Surprising and capturing a Detachment of the 49th Regt. then at Beaver Dam under my Command. In Consequence of this information, I placed the Indians under Norton together with my own Detachment in a Situation to intercept the American Detachment and we occupied it during the night of the 22d. - but the Enemy did not come until the morning of the 24th when his Detachment was captured. Colonel Boerstler, their commander, in a conversation with me confirmed fully the information communicated to me by Mrs. Secord and accounted for the attempt not having been made on the 23rd. as at first intended.^[12]

By this account, Laura Secord learned of the American plans and made her exit from St. David's (near Queenston) on June 22, before the American main body had set out from Fort George.

Relocation of battlefield monument

Original site: 43°07′04″N 79°11′08″W / 43.11772°N 79.18550°W / 43.11772; -79.18550
Present site: 43°07′22″N 79°12′06″W / 43.122722°N 79.201547°W / 43.122722; -79.201547

A monument commemorating the battle was dedicated in 1923 and situated on the original site of the event (the intersection of Davis Road and Old Thorold Stone Road, approximately 1.4km southeast of present-day Thorold), where it was located for several decades. This monument was subsequently relocated several kilometers to the west when the Battle of Beaver Dams Park was opened in the latter twentieth century. The original site of the battlefield is currently unmarked.^[13]

Notes

References

• Benn, Carl (1999). The Iroquois in the War of 1812. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8145-2. 
• Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80653. 
• Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E. (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3. 
• Latimer, Jon (2007). 1812: War with America. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-6740-2584-9. 
• Stanley, G.F.G. "The Significance of the Six Nations Participation in the War of 1812." Ontario History LV(4), 1963.
• Zaslow (ed), Morris (1964). The Defended Border. Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7705-1242-9. 

External links

• The Canadian Encyclopedia